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CompletedNCT00451828CAPUpdated Oct 5, 2011

Cholesterol and Pharmacogenetic Study

A Phase 4 interventional study of Simvastatin in Hyperlipidemia, Hypercholesterolemia and Coronary Heart Disease, sponsored by UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 30 Years and older, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2011-10-05.

Sponsored by UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland · Phase 4, Interventional, and Prevention

Phase
Phase 4
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
1,000
Allocation
Non-randomized
Ages
30 Years and older
Sex
All
01

Study summary

The overall objective of the CAP study was to determine genetic influences on efficacy of simvastatin treatment with regard to LDL cholesterol reduction and changes in other markers of cardiovascular disease risk.

Read the detailed description

Despite widespread use of statin therapy for reducing risk of cardiovascular disease risk, there is considerable inter-individual variation in statin efficacy, and it would be desirable to identify markers that would be predictive of the magnitude of beneficial response. The effect of statin most strongly associated with improved clinical outcomes is reduction in LDL cholesterol. The CAP study was a six week non-randomized, open label study of simvastatin 40 mg/day in a group of 335 African-American and 609 Caucasian volunteer subjects. Measurements of plasma lipids and lipoproteins, as well as other markers of cardiovascular disease risk, were obtained at the screening and entry visits, and after four and six weeks of simvastatin treatment. Both baseline measurements and changes in response to simvastatin therapy are being used to test for associations with genetic polymorphisms. Significant findings are being replicated in other study cohorts.

02

Conditions studied

  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Hypercholesterolemia
  • Coronary Heart Disease
  • Cardiovascular Disease

Keywords

  • Statins
  • Cholesterol
  • Pharmacogenetics
03

In context

Hyperlipidemias

839 studies on the registry are indexed under Hyperlipidemias; 107 are open to participants now.

This study's planned enrollment of 1,000 is above the median of 88 across 707 interventional studies indexed under Hyperlipidemias.

Browse Hyperlipidemias studies →

Lead sponsor

UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland is the lead sponsor of 55 studies on the registry; none are open to participants now.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
30 Years and older
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
Yes

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

  • at least 30 years of age
  • Total Cholesterol between 160 to 400 mg/dl
  • > 3 grandparents of African-American descent or > 3 grandparents of Caucasian descent
  • serum triglycerides \< 400 mg/dl
  • fasting glucose \< 126 mg/dl

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Use of lipid-lowering medication
  • Use of over-the-counter products containing sterol or stanol esters or fish oil
  • Recent or planned change in dietary intake or weight change of more than 4.5 kg
  • Use of corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs or drugs affecting the CYP3A4 system
  • Known liver disease or elevated transaminase levels
  • Elevated creatine phosphokinase levels > 10 times upper limits of normal
  • Uncontrolled blood pressure, or diabetes mellitus
  • Abnormal renal or thyroid function
  • Current alcohol or drug abuse
  • Major illness in the preceding three months
  • Pregnancy
  • Know intolerance to statins
  • Racial ancestry other than African-American or Caucasian
05

Study design

Phase
Phase 4
Primary purpose
Prevention
Allocation
Non-randomized
Intervention model
Single group
Masking
None (open label)
Enrollment
1,000 participants (estimated)

Interventions

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Total Cholesterol

    Time frame: -2, 0, 4, 6 weeks

  2. LDL Cholesterol

    Time frame: -2, 0, 4, 6 weeks

  3. HDL Cholesterol

    Time frame: -2, 0, 4, 6 weeks

  4. Triglycerides

    Time frame: -2, 0, 4, 6 weeks

  5. C-reactive protein

    Time frame: -2, 0, 4, 6 weeks

Secondary outcomes

  1. Total Cholesterol/HDL Cholesterol

    Time frame: -2, 0, 4, 6 weeks

  2. Apolipoprotein B

    Time frame: -2, 0, 4, 6 weeks

  3. Apolipoprotein AI

    Time frame: -2, 0, 4, 6 weeks

  4. Apolipoprotein CIII

    Time frame: -2, 0, 4, 6 weeks

  5. LDL Peak Particle size

    Time frame: -2, 0, 4, 6 weeks

  6. LDL Subfractions

    Time frame: -2, 0, 4, 6 weeks

07

Study locations

1 site
  • San Francisco General Hospital
    San Francisco, California 94110, United States
08

References and documents

Publications

  • Simon JA, Lin F, Hulley SB, Blanche PJ, Waters D, Shiboski S, Rotter JI, Nickerson DA, Yang H, Saad M, Krauss RM. Phenotypic predictors of response to simvastatin therapy among African-Americans and Caucasians: the Cholesterol and Pharmacogenetics (CAP) Study. Am J Cardiol. 2006 Mar 15;97(6):843-50. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.09.134. Epub 2006 Jan 27. PubMed 16516587 ↗
  • Theusch E, Ting FY, Qin Y, Stevens K, Naidoo D, King SM, Yang NV, Orr J, Han BY, Cyster JG, Chen YI, Rotter JI, Krauss RM, Medina MW. Participant-derived cell line transcriptomic analyses and mouse studies reveal a role for ZNF335 in plasma cholesterol statin response. Genome Med. 2024 Jul 26;16(1):93. doi: 10.1186/s13073-024-01366-9. PubMed 39061094 ↗
  • Theusch E, Ting FY, Qin Y, Stevens K, Naidoo D, King SM, Yang N, Orr J, Han BY, Cyster JG, Chen YI, Rotter JI, Krauss RM, Medina MW. Participant-derived cell line transcriptomic analyses and mouse studies reveal a role for ZNF335 in plasma cholesterol statin response. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2023 Jun 15:2023.06.14.544860. doi: 10.1101/2023.06.14.544860. PubMed 37397985 ↗
  • Trupp M, Zhu H, Wikoff WR, Baillie RA, Zeng ZB, Karp PD, Fiehn O, Krauss RM, Kaddurah-Daouk R. Metabolomics reveals amino acids contribute to variation in response to simvastatin treatment. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e38386. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038386. Epub 2012 Jul 9. PubMed 22808006 ↗
  • Mangravite LM, Medina MW, Cui J, Pressman S, Smith JD, Rieder MJ, Guo X, Nickerson DA, Rotter JI, Krauss RM. Combined influence of LDLR and HMGCR sequence variation on lipid-lowering response to simvastatin. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010 Jul;30(7):1485-92. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.203273. Epub 2010 Apr 22. PubMed 20413733 ↗
  • Barber MJ, Mangravite LM, Hyde CL, Chasman DI, Smith JD, McCarty CA, Li X, Wilke RA, Rieder MJ, Williams PT, Ridker PM, Chatterjee A, Rotter JI, Nickerson DA, Stephens M, Krauss RM. Genome-wide association of lipid-lowering response to statins in combined study populations. PLoS One. 2010 Mar 22;5(3):e9763. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009763. PubMed 20339536 ↗
  • Medina MW, Gao F, Ruan W, Rotter JI, Krauss RM. Alternative splicing of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase is associated with plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol response to simvastatin. Circulation. 2008 Jul 22;118(4):355-62. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.773267. Epub 2008 Jun 16. PubMed 18559695 ↗
  • Krauss RM, Mangravite LM, Smith JD, Medina MW, Wang D, Guo X, Rieder MJ, Simon JA, Hulley SB, Waters D, Saad M, Williams PT, Taylor KD, Yang H, Nickerson DA, Rotter JI. Variation in the 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase gene is associated with racial differences in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol response to simvastatin treatment. Circulation. 2008 Mar 25;117(12):1537-44. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.708388. Epub 2008 Mar 10. PubMed 18332269 ↗
09

Timeline

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
Not marked actual or estimatedDates not marked actual or estimated

The record gives a start of Mar 2002 and a primary completion of Oct 2004. It does not say whether these dates are actual or estimated.

How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.

Registered
Mar 23, 2007
First posted
Mar 26, 2007
Start
Mar 2002
Primary completionActual
Oct 2004
Last update
Oct 5, 2011
What these dates mean
Start.
When the first participant enrolled; while estimated, when the study expects to open to recruitment.
Primary completion.
When the last participant was examined or treated to collect data for the study's main question, its primary outcome. A study that stopped early gives the date its data collection stopped.
Actual and Est.
Actual means the registry says the date has happened. Est. (estimated) is a date the sponsor plans or expects. It can still move, and the sponsor is expected to change it to actual once it has passed.
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Oct 5, 2011, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
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Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT00451828
Lead sponsor
UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland
First posted
Mar 26, 2007
Start date
Mar 2002
Primary completion
Oct 2004
Last update
Oct 5, 2011

Study contacts

Ronald M Krauss, M.D.
principal investigator · UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
Yes
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

Not currently enrolling

This study is completed, as verified in Oct 2011. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.

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Studies of the drug tested here: Simvastatin

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