An observational study in Periodontal Diseases, sponsored by Tuğba ŞAHİN. Completed at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Open to participants aged 18 Years to 65 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2025-12-22.
Sponsored by Tuğba ŞAHİN · Observational
484 patients were asked whether they currently smoked and whether they had smoked 100 or more cigarettes during their lifetime. Based on this information, they were divided into two groups: current smokers (test group, n=242) and non-smokers (control group, n=242). Current smokers were defined as individuals who had smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime and continued smoking. In contrast, non-smokers included individuals who had smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and were not currently smoking. Participants were also asked about the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the duration of smoking in years, and pack-years were calculated accordingly. Plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, bleeding on probing, gingival recession, and attachment loss were evaluated for both groups. Periodontal health status (Periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis) was assessed by one clinician applying the 2017 World Workshop on Classifying Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions and the 2023 European Federation of Periodontology's Guidelines. Patients with periodontitis were classified according to stage and grade. This measurement was obtained via a calibrated UNC-15 periodontal probe at each tooth.
484 patients were asked whether they currently smoked and had smoked 100 or more cigarettes during their lifetime. Based on this information, they were divided into two groups: current smokers (test group, n=242) and non-smokers (control group, n=242). Current smokers were defined as individuals who had smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime and continued smoking. In contrast, non-smokers included individuals who had smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and were not currently smoking. Participants were also asked about the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the duration of smoking in years, and pack-years were calculated accordingly. Plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, bleeding on probing, gingival recession, and attachment loss were evaluated for both groups. Periodontal health status (Periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis) was assessed by one clinician applying the 2017 World Workshop on Classifying Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions and the 2023 European Federation of Periodontology's Guidelines. Patients with periodontitis were classified according to stage and grade. This measurement was obtained via a calibrated UNC-15 periodontal probe at each tooth.
830 studies on the registry are indexed under Periodontal Diseases; 188 are open to participants now.
This study's enrollment of 484 is above the median of 100 across 291 observational studies indexed under Periodontal Diseases.
Browse Periodontal Diseases studies →Tuğba ŞAHİN is the lead sponsor of 7 studies on the registry; none are open to participants now.
Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.
The study includes patients who are smokers and those who are non-smokers.
Exclusion Criteria:
Current smokers were defined as individuals who had smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime and continued smoking.
Other: Intervention
Non-smokers included individuals who had smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and were not currently smoking.
Other: Intervention
The patient's daily cigarette consumption, duration of smoking, and pack-years were evaluated.
Also known as: Smoking
periodontal pocket depth
Periodontal pocket depth measured in millimeters using a Williams periodontal probe. The distance from the gingival margin to the bottom of the periodontal pocket was recorded at each site.
Time frame: Baseline
bleeding on probing
Bleeding on probing assessed using a periodontal probe. After gently inserting the probe into the gingival sulcus and moving it laterally along the pocket wall, bleeding was recorded as present (+) or absent (-).pocket and gently moved laterally along the pocket wall. + is maximum and - is minimum.
Time frame: Baseline
plaque index
Oral hygiene status assessed using the Plaque Index, which measures dental plaque accumulation adjacent to the gingival margin. Scores range from 0 (no plaque) to 3 (abundant plaque), with higher scores indicating poorer oral hygiene.
Time frame: Baseline
gingival index
Gingival inflammation assessed using the Löe and Silness Gingival Index. Each site was scored on a 0-3 scale, where 0 = normal gingiva and 3 = severe inflammation with edema, redness, and spontaneous bleeding. Higher scores indicate worsening gingival inflammation.
Time frame: Baseline
clinical attachment level
Clinical attachment level measured in millimeters using a periodontal probe. CAL was calculated as the distance from the cementoenamel junction to the bottom of the periodontal pocket and used to assess periodontal tissue support loss.
Time frame: Baseline
Daily cigarette
It includes the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Self-reported number of cigarettes smoked per day.
Time frame: Baseline
Smoking Duration
Self-reported duration of smoking, recorded as the number of years the participant has smoked.
Time frame: Baseline
Pack-years
Smoking exposure calculated as pack-years, defined as the number of cigarettes smoked per day divided by 20 and multiplied by the number of years of smoking.
Time frame: Baseline
Plan to share: Undecided
No publications or documents are linked to this record.
This study is completed, as verified in Dec 2025. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.
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Tuğba ŞAHİN