ClinicalTrials.gg
Active, not recruitingNCT03686748TPDUpdated Jan 6, 2025

Two Point Discrimination

An Early Phase 1 interventional study of Two-point discrimination training and One-point discrimination training in Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS), Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) and Amplified Musculoskeletal Pain Syndrome (AMPS), sponsored by Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati. Active, not recruiting at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 10 Years to 17 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2025-01-06.

Sponsored by Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati · Early Phase 1, Interventional, and Treatment

From the registry’s dates

  • Primary completion was expected by Jul 2026, 3 months ago, but the record still lists the study as active, not recruiting.

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Phase
Early Phase 1
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
60
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
10 Years to 17 Years
Sex
All
01

Where this study stands

Counted across the records on this site · 2026-11-14

Among 26 studies in Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome with a site in United States — 9 open to participants now, 11 under way, none of them phase 3. Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome · United States.

Planned enrollment
7th of 15
60 · median 60
Started
2018
with 1 other
Phase 1
Only one
of the 26
Primary completion
2026-07
later than 5 of 10 live
Registered
10th of 26
by date
Lead sponsor
1 of 26
Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati

Among the 26 studies in Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome with a site in United States, this one is the 7th largest by planned enrollment of the 15 interventional ones that give a count, is one of 2 that started in 2018, is the only one in phase 1, reaches primary completion later than 5 of the 10 other live ones, and was the 10th registered.

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

67 studies on the registry are indexed under Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome; 24 are open to participants now.

Browse Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome studies →

Open to participants now

9 of the 26 studies in Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome with a site in United States are open now. Recruiting first, the newest first:

4 more — sign in →

All 9 open studies →

A study can be open while its sites in United States have not opened yet or have stopped. Only those recruiting at a site in United States →

Who these studies take

Of the 12 Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome studies recruiting now, 9 (75%) set no upper age limit and 3 (25%) stop at 75 or younger; 4 take children under 18; 5 take healthy volunteers.

This study: 10 Years to 17 Years · all sexes · healthy volunteers too.

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Watch this landscapeDownload CSVNarrow it in search →With an account: a weekly mail of what changed among 26 studies in Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome with a site in United States, or all of them as a file.
02

Study summary

SPECIFIC AIMS

Pain in both youth and adults is a complex, subjective and personal experience, and remains poorly understood. One particularly perplexing dimension of some forms of pain is the tendency of pain to spread outside of an affected body site to adjacent location, and then to unaffected body sites. Such widespread pain may reflect an altered spatial tuning of somatosensory processing, such that lateral inhibition is diminished, thereby allowing pain to spread. To date, no therapies exist which are designed specifically to diminish or even reverse the spatial spread of pain. However, training in two-point discrimination holds the potential to retune spatial aspects of somatosensory processing and may represent a novel therapy for widespread pain. Thus, the present investigation will test the following aims:

Aim 1. Do youth with chronic pain have disrupted spatial tuning of somatosensory processing? Deficits in two point tactile discrimination have long been noted in adults with chronic pain, but such deficits remain poorly documented in pediatric chronic pain patients. In order to determine if such deficits exist, youth with both chronic pain and healthy youth will undergo assessment of two point discrimination thresholds.

Aim 2. Does two-point discrimination training result in diminished pain and disability in youth with somatic pain? After initial characterization of tactile discrimination thresholds, youth with chronic pain will participate in multiple sessions of either two-point discrimination training or a single-point spatially-directed attentional control condition. Training will involve up to 9 additional sessions. Efficacy of training will be assessed by 1) reductions in the spatial extent of pain, 2) reductions in pain intensity and unpleasantness, and 3) reductions in pain-related disability.

Read the detailed description

STUDY DESIGN Prior to commencing this investigation, investigators will optimize the tactile discrimination threshold testing (i.e. as per baseline visit, below), and the training conditions, in up to ten participants (patients and/or healthy controls). This will serve as a pilot to refine operational aspects of study procedures before investigators commence the main investigation proposed herein. Following this, youth with either chronic pain (ages 10-17, n=40) or healthy youth (ages 10-17, n=20) will undergo assessments of two-point and single-point discrimination thresholds in an initial session (Aim 1). After this initial session, youth with chronic pain will participate in up to 9 additional sessions of attentional training (Aim 2). These chronic pain patients will be randomized to either two-point discrimination training (n=20) or a single-point spatially-directed attentional control condition (n=20). Participants will not be informed of which intervention they will receive (single-blind study). Psychological questionnaires will be completed in the first and last sessions in order to determine how these variables relate to tactile discrimination and response to training.

STUDY INTERVENTIONS 5.1 Two Point Discrimination Training: Two-point discrimination threshold (TPD) training may be performed 1) at spatial locations remote from pain, 2) at spatial locations adjacent to the region of pain, and/or 3) at spatial locations in the site of pain, if the participant will tolerate it. TPD is defined as the smallest distance between two points at which someone can recognize two points, and not one, touching their skin. As such this is a test of one's ability to identify separate stimulation of two discrete areas, and relies heavily on lateral inhibition. Highly precise mechanical calipers will be gently placed onto the skin and the distance between the prongs will be increased/decreased. After repeated decreases and increases in the distance between the prongs, the TPD will be deemed as the distance at which participants consistently report two points instead of one. One-point stimuli will be interleaved to serve as a control condition. Participants will be informed immediately of correct and incorrect responses as part of the discrimination training.

5.2 Control Stimulation: Participants will undergo a single-point discrimination training at the same sites as described above. Probes of different sizes will be used for this portion - a small diameter probe (\~1-5 mm) and a large diameter probe (\~6-50mm). The probes will be gently placed in contact with the participants' skin, and the participant will be instructed to respond if they were contacted with the small or large probe. Participants will be informed immediately of correct and incorrect responses as part of the discrimination training.

03

Conditions studied

  • Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS)
  • Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)
  • Amplified Musculoskeletal Pain Syndrome (AMPS)
  • Low Back Pain
  • Fibromyalgia
  • Chronic Widespread Pain

Keywords

  • Pain
04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
10 Years to 17 Years
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
Yes

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

Chronic Pain Patients:

  • Somatically located chronic pain
  • amplified musculoskeletal pain syndrome
  • complex regional pain syndrome
  • low back pain
  • fibromyalgia
  • other forms of chronic, widespread pain
  • Male or female, 10-17 years
  • High fluency in written and oral English language

Control Participants:

  • Youth in good general health
  • Male or female, 10-17 years
  • High fluency in written and oral English language

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Present significant mental health disorder as defined by DSM V (e.g. psychosis, bipolar disorder, major depression),
  • alcohol or drug dependence
  • documented developmental delays or impairments (e.g., autism, cerebral palsy, or mental retardation) of a magnitude that would interfere with adherence to study requirements or safe participation in the study
  • Primary complaint of migraine or visceral (abdominal) pain, with minimal somatic involvement.
05

Study design

Phase
Early Phase 1
Primary purpose
Treatment
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Parallel assignment
Masking
Single (Participant)
Enrollment
60 participants (estimated)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    Two-point intervention

    Two point discrimination training.

    Behavioral: Two-point discrimination training

  • Active comparator
    One-point intervention

    One point discrimination of size of probe

    Behavioral: One-point discrimination training

  • No intervention
    Healthy Controls

    Observational component of differences in discrimination between chronic pain patients and healthy controls.

Interventions

  • BehavioralTwo-point discrimination training

    Patients will undergo multiple sessions of two-point discrimination training.

  • BehavioralOne-point discrimination training

    Patients will undergo multiple sessions of one-point discrimination training.

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Change in spatial extent of pain from baseline visit to final visit

    total area of body affected by pain

    Time frame: baseline to final visit which is up to 5 weeks from baseline

  2. Change in pain ratings from baseline visit to final visit

    Ratings of current pain intensity on a non-numerical visual analog scale ranging from "not at all intense" to "most intense pain sensation imaginable" and of pain unpleasantness on a non-numerical visual analog scale ranging from "not at all unpleasant" to "most unpleasant pain imaginable".

    Time frame: baseline to final visit which is up to 5 weeks from baseline

  3. Change in pain-related disability from baseline visit to final visit

    pain-related disability as assessed by the Functional Disability Index

    Time frame: baseline to final visit which is up to 5 weeks from baseline

Secondary outcomes

  1. Change in two point discrimination threshold from baseline visit to final visit

    Calipers moving at fixed distances to determine threshold of two point detection

    Time frame: baseline to final visit which is up to 5 weeks from baseline

07

Study locations

1 site
08

References and documents

Publications

  • Flor H, Nikolajsen L, Staehelin Jensen T. Phantom limb pain: a case of maladaptive CNS plasticity? Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006 Nov;7(11):873-81. doi: 10.1038/nrn1991. PubMed 17053811 ↗
  • Defrin R, Pope G, Davis KD. Interactions between spatial summation, 2-point discrimination and habituation of heat pain. Eur J Pain. 2008 Oct;12(7):900-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.12.015. Epub 2008 Feb 14. PubMed 18280188 ↗
  • Flor H, Denke C, Schaefer M, Grusser S. Effect of sensory discrimination training on cortical reorganisation and phantom limb pain. Lancet. 2001 Jun 2;357(9270):1763-4. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04890-X. PubMed 11403816 ↗
  • Gardner EP, Martin JH, Jessell TM, Kandel ER, Schwartz JH (2000) Principles of neural science. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Groenewald CB, Essner BS, Wright D, Fesinmeyer MD, Palermo TM. The economic costs of chronic pain among a cohort of treatment-seeking adolescents in the United States. J Pain. 2014 Sep;15(9):925-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2014.06.002. Epub 2014 Jun 19. PubMed 24953887 ↗
  • Hechler T, Wager J, Zernikow B. Chronic pain treatment in children and adolescents: less is good, more is sometimes better. BMC Pediatr. 2014 Oct 13;14:262. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-262. PubMed 25308551 ↗
  • Hestbaek L, Leboeuf-Yde C, Kyvik KO, Manniche C. The course of low back pain from adolescence to adulthood: eight-year follow-up of 9600 twins. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 Feb 15;31(4):468-72. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000199958.04073.d9. PubMed 16481960 ↗
  • Huguet A, Miro J. The severity of chronic pediatric pain: an epidemiological study. J Pain. 2008 Mar;9(3):226-36. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2007.10.015. Epub 2007 Dec 21. PubMed 18088558 ↗
  • King S, Chambers CT, Huguet A, MacNevin RC, McGrath PJ, Parker L, MacDonald AJ. The epidemiology of chronic pain in children and adolescents revisited: a systematic review. Pain. 2011 Dec;152(12):2729-2738. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.07.016. PubMed 22078064 ↗
  • Lotze M, Moseley GL. Role of distorted body image in pain. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2007 Dec;9(6):488-96. doi: 10.1007/s11926-007-0079-x. PubMed 18177603 ↗
  • Maihofner C, Handwerker HO, Neundorfer B, Birklein F. Patterns of cortical reorganization in complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology. 2003 Dec 23;61(12):1707-15. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000098939.02752.8e. PubMed 14694034 ↗
  • Maihofner C, Handwerker HO, Neundorfer B, Birklein F. Cortical reorganization during recovery from complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology. 2004 Aug 24;63(4):693-701. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000134661.46658.b0. PubMed 15326245 ↗
  • Moseley LG, Zalucki NM, Wiech K. Tactile discrimination, but not tactile stimulation alone, reduces chronic limb pain. Pain. 2008 Jul 31;137(3):600-608. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2007.10.021. Epub 2007 Dec 3. PubMed 18054437 ↗
  • O'Sullivan PB, Beales DJ, Smith AJ, Straker LM. Low back pain in 17 year olds has substantial impact and represents an important public health disorder: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2012 Feb 5;12:100. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-100. PubMed 22304903 ↗
  • Price DD (1999) Psychological mechanisms of pain and analgesia, 0 Edition. Seattle: IASP Press.
  • Price DD, McHaffie JG, Larson MA. Spatial summation of heat-induced pain: influence of stimulus area and spatial separation of stimuli on perceived pain sensation intensity and unpleasantness. J Neurophysiol. 1989 Dec;62(6):1270-9. doi: 10.1152/jn.1989.62.6.1270. PubMed 2600624 ↗
  • Price DD, Bush FM, Long S, Harkins SW. A comparison of pain measurement characteristics of mechanical visual analogue and simple numerical rating scales. Pain. 1994 Feb;56(2):217-226. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(94)90097-3. PubMed 8008411 ↗
  • Quevedo AS, Coghill RC. Attentional modulation of spatial integration of pain: evidence for dynamic spatial tuning. J Neurosci. 2007 Oct 24;27(43):11635-40. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3356-07.2007. PubMed 17959806 ↗
  • Quevedo AS, Morch CD, Andersen OK, Coghill RC. Lateral inhibition during nociceptive processing. Pain. 2017 Jun;158(6):1046-1052. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000876. PubMed 28195854 ↗
  • Wand BM, Di Pietro F, George P, O'Connell NE. Tactile thresholds are preserved yet complex sensory function is impaired over the lumbar spine of chronic non-specific low back pain patients: a preliminary investigation. Physiotherapy. 2010 Dec;96(4):317-23. doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2010.02.005. PubMed 21056167 ↗

Study documents

PDFs hosted by the registry, ClinicalTrials.gov.

Individual participant data

Plan to share: Yes — All collected deidentified IPD that underlie results in a publication

Supporting information: Study protocol, Statistical analysis plan, Informed consent form, Clinical study report, Analytic code

Time frame: Immediately after publication with no end date.

Access criteria: Researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal and who sign a data sharing agreement.

09

Timeline

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
ElapsedEstimatedEstimated, not yet reached

Started Jul 2018 (actual). Primary completion is estimated for Jul 2026, 95 months after the start.

How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.

Registered
Jun 27, 2018
First posted
Sep 27, 2018
StartActual
Jul 21, 2018
Primary completionEst.
Jul 17, 2026
CompletionEst.
Jul 16, 2027
Last update
Jan 6, 2025
What these dates mean
Start.
When the first participant enrolled; while estimated, when the study expects to open to recruitment.
Primary completion.
When the last participant was examined or treated to collect data for the study's main question, its primary outcome. A study that stopped early gives the date its data collection stopped.
Completion.
When the last participant's last visit took place, for every outcome, secondary ones and side effects included: the end of the study. Often later than primary completion, sometimes the same day.
Actual and Est.
Actual means the registry says the date has happened. Est. (estimated) is a date the sponsor plans or expects. It can still move, and the sponsor is expected to change it to actual once it has passed.
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Jan 6, 2025, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
10

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT03686748
Responsible party
Robert Coghill (Director of Research, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati) — Principal investigator
First posted
Sep 27, 2018
Start date
Jul 21, 2018
Primary completion
Jul 17, 2026 (estimated)
Completion
Jul 16, 2027 (estimated)
Last update
Jan 6, 2025

Study contacts

Robert C Coghill, Ph.D.
principal investigator · Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

Not currently enrolling

This study is active, not recruiting, as verified in Jan 2025. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.

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