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CompletedNCT03174002HOT-ICUUpdated Oct 26, 2021

Handling Oxygenation Targets in the Intensive Care Unit

A Phase 4 interventional study of Oxygen and Oxygen in Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure and Oxygen Toxicity, sponsored by Aalborg University Hospital. Completed at 37 sites in 7 countries. Open to participants aged 18 Years and older. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2021-10-26.

Sponsored by Aalborg University Hospital · Phase 4, Interventional, and Prevention

Phase
Phase 4
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
2,928
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
18 Years and older
Sex
All
01

Study summary

Handling oxygenation targets (HOT) is standard of care in the intensive care unit (ICU), however the quality and quantity of evidence is low and potential harm has been reported. The aim of the HOT-ICU trial is to assess the overall benefits and harms of two levels of oxygenation targets in adult critically ill patients with acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure in the ICU.

Read the detailed description

Acutely ill adults with hypoxaemic respiratory failure admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) are at risk of life-threatening hypoxia, and thus oxygen is administered. However, the evidence on the optimal level of oxygenation is of low quantity and quality with no firm evidence for benefit or harm. Importantly, liberal use of supplementary oxygen may increase the number of serious adverse events including death. The aim of the HOT-ICU trial is to assess the benefits and harms of two targets of partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2) in guiding the oxygen administration in acutely ill adults with hypoxaemic respiratory failure at ICU admission.

02

Conditions studied

  • Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure
  • Oxygen Toxicity

Keywords

  • Oxygenation
  • Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
  • Mechanical ventilation
  • Critical illness
  • Critical care
03

In context

Respiratory Insufficiency

1,650 studies on the registry are indexed under Respiratory Insufficiency; 296 are open to participants now.

This study's enrollment of 2,928 is above the median of 55 across 1,043 interventional studies indexed under Respiratory Insufficiency.

Browse Respiratory Insufficiency studies →

Lead sponsor

Aalborg University Hospital is the lead sponsor of 195 studies on the registry; 39 are open to participants now.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years and older
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
No

Inclusion criteria

  • Acutely admitted to the ICU AND
  • Aged ≥ 18 years AND
  • Receives supplemental oxygen with a flow of at least 10 L per minutes in an open system including high-flow systems OR at least a FiO2 of 0.50 in a closed system including invasive or non-invasive ventilation or CPAP systems AND
  • Expected to receive supplemental oxygen for at least 24 hours in the ICU AND
  • Having an arterial line for PaO2 monitoring

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Cannot be randomised within twelve hours after present ICU admission
  • Chronic mechanical ventilation for any reason
  • Use of home oxygen
  • Previous treatment with bleomycin
  • Organ transplant during current hospital admission
  • Withdrawal from active therapy or brain death deemed imminent
  • Fertile woman (\< 50 years of age) with positive urine human gonadotropin (hCG) or plasma-hCG
  • Carbon monoxide poisoning
  • Cyanide poisoning
  • Methaemoglobinaemia
  • Paraquat poisoning
  • Any condition expected to involve the use of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO)
  • Sickle cell disease
  • Consent not obtainable according to national regulations
  • Previously randomised into the HOT-ICU trial
05

Study design

Phase
Phase 4
Primary purpose
Prevention
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Parallel assignment
Masking
Single (Outcomes assessor)
Enrollment
2,928 participants (actual)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    Low oxygenation target

    Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2) 8 kPa (60 mmHg)

    Drug: Oxygen

  • Active comparator
    High oxygenation target

    Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2) 12 kPa (90 mmHg)

    Drug: Oxygen

Interventions

  • DrugOxygen

    Oxygen administration to achieve a PaO2 of 8 kPa (60 mmHg) from ICU admission to ICU discharge

    Also known as: Inspired oxygen

  • DrugOxygen

    Oxygen administration to achieve a PaO2 of 12 kPa (90 mmHg) from ICU admission to ICU discharge

    Also known as: Inspired oxygen

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. 90-days mortality

    Landmark mortality 90-days after randomisation

    Time frame: 90 days

Secondary outcomes

  1. Days alive without organ support

    Percentage of days alive and free from mechanical ventilation, circulatory support and renal replacement therapy

    Time frame: Within 90 days

  2. Days alive out of the hospital

    Percentage of days alive out of the hospital

    Time frame: Within 90 days

  3. Number of patients with one or more serious adverse events

    Serious adverse events are defined as new episode of shock and new episodes of ischaemic events including myocardial or intestinal ischaemia or ischaemic stroke

    Time frame: Until ICU discharge, maximum 90 days

  4. 1-year mortality

    Landmark mortality 1 year after randomisation

    Time frame: 1 year

  5. Quality of life assessement using the EuroQual-5D-5L telephone interview in selcted sites

    EQ-5D-5L 1-year after randomisation

    Time frame: 1 year

  6. Cognitive function 1-year after randomisation as assessed using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) score in selected sites

    RBANS score 1 year after randomisation at selected sites

    Time frame: 1 year

  7. Pulmonary function

    Bodyplethysmography and carbon monooxide diffusion capacity 1 year after randomisation at sellected sites

    Time frame: 1 year

  8. A health economic analysis

    The analytic details will be based on the result of the trial and specified (cost-effectiveness versus cost-minimisation analyses)

    Time frame: 90 days

07

Study locations

37 sites
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, Aalborg University Hospital
    Aalborg, 9000, Denmark
  • Dept. of Intensive Care East Section, Øst, Skejby, Aarhus University Hospital
    Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
  • Dept. of Intensive Care Section Nord, Skejby, Aarhus University Hospital
    Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, University Hospital Skejby
    Aarhus, 8200, Denmark
  • Dept. of Intensive Care 4131, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet
    Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, Bispebjerg Hospital
    Copenhagen, 2400, Denmark
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, Herlev Hospital
    Herlev, 2730, Denmark
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, Herning Hospital
    Herning, 7400, Denmark
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, Hillerød Hospital
    Hillerød, 3400, Denmark
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, Hjørring Hospital
    Hjørring, 9800, Denmark
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, Holbæk Hospital
    Holbæk, 4300, Denmark
  • Department of Intensive Care, Holstebro
    Holstebro, 7500, Denmark
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, Holstebro Hospital
    Holstebro, 7500, Denmark
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, Horsens Hospital
    Horsens, 8700, Denmark
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, Hvidovre Hospital
    Hvidovre, 2650, Denmark
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, Kolding Hospital
    Kolding, 6000, Denmark
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, Køge Hospital
    Køge, 4600, Denmark
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, Randers Hospital
    Randers, 8930, Denmark
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, Roskilde Hospital
    Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, Slagelse Hospital
    Slagelse, 4200, Denmark
  • Department of Intensive Care, Viborg Hospital
    Viborg, 8800, Denmark
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, Helsinki University Hospital
    Helsinki, Finland
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, Central Finland Central Hospital
    Jyväskylä, 40620, Finland
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio
    Kuopio, 70210, Finland
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, Turku University Hospital, Turku
    Turku, 20520, Finland
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, Landspitali University Hospital Reykjavik
    Reykjavík, Iceland
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, University Medical Center Groningen
    Groningen, 9713, Netherlands
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital
    Nijmegen, 6532 SZ, Netherlands
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, National Hospital, University of Oslo
    Oslo, Norway
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, Basel University Hospital
    Basel, 4056, Switzerland
  • Dept. of Intensive Care, Bern University Hospital
    Bern, 3010, Switzerland
  • Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust
    Reading, Berkshire RG1 5AN, United Kingdom
  • Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital of Wales
    Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
  • Kingston Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
    Kingston Upon Thames, KT2 7QB, United Kingdom
  • Royal Glamorgan Hospital
    Llantrisant, CF72 8XR, United Kingdom
  • Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust
    Manchester, M13 9WL, United Kingdom
  • Wythenshawe Hospital
    Manchester, M23 9LT, United Kingdom
08

References and documents

Publications

  • Schjorring OL, Perner A, Wetterslev J, Lange T, Keus F, Laake JH, Okkonen M, Siegemund M, Morgan M, Thormar KM, Rasmussen BS; HOT-ICU Investigators. Handling Oxygenation Targets in the Intensive Care Unit (HOT-ICU)-Protocol for a randomised clinical trial comparing a lower vs a higher oxygenation target in adults with acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2019 Aug;63(7):956-965. doi: 10.1111/aas.13356. Epub 2019 Mar 18. PubMed 30883686 ↗
  • Barbateskovic M, Schjorring OL, Jakobsen JC, Meyhoff CS, Rasmussen BS, Perner A, Wetterslev J. Oxygen supplementation for critically ill patients-A protocol for a systematic review. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2018 Aug;62(7):1020-1030. doi: 10.1111/aas.13127. Epub 2018 Apr 30. PubMed 29708586 ↗
  • Barbateskovic M, Schjorring OL, Russo Krauss S, Jakobsen JC, Meyhoff CS, Dahl RM, Rasmussen BS, Perner A, Wetterslev J. Higher versus lower fraction of inspired oxygen or targets of arterial oxygenation for adults admitted to the intensive care unit. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Nov 27;2019(11):CD012631. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012631.pub2. PubMed 31773728 ↗
  • Rasmussen BS, Perner A, Wetterslev J, Meyhoff CS, Schjorring OL. Oxygenation targets in acutely ill patients: still a matter of debate. Lancet. 2018 Dec 8;392(10163):2436-2437. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32201-3. No abstract available. PubMed 30527413 ↗
  • Schjorring OL, Klitgaard TL, Perner A, Wetterslev J, Lange T, Keus F, Laake JH, Morgan M, Backlund M, Siegemund M, Thormar KM, Rasmussen BS. The handling oxygenation targets in the intensive care unit (HOT-ICU) trial: Detailed statistical analysis plan. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2020 Jul;64(6):847-856. doi: 10.1111/aas.13569. Epub 2020 Mar 4. PubMed 32068884 ↗
  • Crescioli E, Klitgaard TL, Poulsen LM, Brand BA, Siegemund M, Grofte T, Keus F, Pedersen UG, Backlund M, Karttunen J, Morgan M, Ciubotariu A, Bunzel AG, Vestergaard SR, Jensen NM, Jensen TS, Kjaer MN, Jensen AKG, Lange T, Wetterslev J, Perner A, Schjorring OL, Rasmussen BS. Long-term mortality and health-related quality of life of lower versus higher oxygenation targets in ICU patients with severe hypoxaemia. Intensive Care Med. 2022 Jun;48(6):714-722. doi: 10.1007/s00134-022-06695-0. Epub 2022 Apr 20. PubMed 35441849 ↗
  • Klitgaard TL, Schjorring OL, Lange T, Moller MH, Perner A, Rasmussen BS, Granholm A. Lower versus higher oxygenation targets in critically ill patients with severe hypoxaemia: secondary Bayesian analysis to explore heterogeneous treatment effects in the Handling Oxygenation Targets in the Intensive Care Unit (HOT-ICU) trial. Br J Anaesth. 2022 Jan;128(1):55-64. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.09.010. Epub 2021 Oct 19. PubMed 34674834 ↗
  • Rasmussen BS, Klitgaard TL, Perner A, Brand BA, Hildebrandt T, Siegemund M, Hollinger A, Aagaard SR, Bestle MH, Marcussen KV, Brochner AC, Solling CG, Poulsen LM, Laake JH, Aslam TN, Backlund M, Okkonen M, Morgan M, Sharman M, Lange T, Wetterslev J, Schjorring OL. Oxygenation targets in ICU patients with COVID-19: A post hoc subgroup analysis of the HOT-ICU trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2022 Jan;66(1):76-84. doi: 10.1111/aas.13977. Epub 2021 Sep 20. PubMed 34425016 ↗
  • Schjorring OL, Klitgaard TL, Perner A, Wetterslev J, Lange T, Siegemund M, Backlund M, Keus F, Laake JH, Morgan M, Thormar KM, Rosborg SA, Bisgaard J, Erntgaard AES, Lynnerup AH, Pedersen RL, Crescioli E, Gielstrup TC, Behzadi MT, Poulsen LM, Estrup S, Laigaard JP, Andersen C, Mortensen CB, Brand BA, White J, Jarnvig IL, Moller MH, Quist L, Bestle MH, Schonemann-Lund M, Kamper MK, Hindborg M, Hollinger A, Gebhard CE, Zellweger N, Meyhoff CS, Hjort M, Bech LK, Grofte T, Bundgaard H, Ostergaard LHM, Thyo MA, Hildebrandt T, Uslu B, Solling CG, Moller-Nielsen N, Brochner AC, Borup M, Okkonen M, Dieperink W, Pedersen UG, Andreasen AS, Buus L, Aslam TN, Winding RR, Schefold JC, Thorup SB, Iversen SA, Engstrom J, Kjaer MN, Rasmussen BS; HOT-ICU Investigators. Lower or Higher Oxygenation Targets for Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure. N Engl J Med. 2021 Apr 8;384(14):1301-1311. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2032510. Epub 2021 Jan 20. PubMed 33471452 ↗
  • Klitgaard TL, Schjorring OL, Lange T, Moller MH, Perner A, Rasmussen BS, Granholm A. Bayesian and heterogeneity of treatment effect analyses of the HOT-ICU trial-A secondary analysis protocol. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2020 Oct;64(9):1376-1381. doi: 10.1111/aas.13669. Epub 2020 Aug 5. PubMed 32659856 ↗

Individual participant data

Plan to share: Yes — All original records (incl. consent forms, eCRFs, and relevant correspondences) will be archived at trial sites for 15 years. The clean electronic trial database file will be delivered to the EudraCT Database and Zenodo (https://zenodo.org/about) and maintained for 15 years and anonymised if requested by the authorities.

Supporting information: Study protocol, Sap, Icf

09

Updates

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Oct 26, 2021, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
10

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT03174002
Lead sponsor
Aalborg University Hospital
Collaborators
Rigshospitalet, Denmark, Copenhagen Trial Unit, Center for Clinical Intervention Research
Responsible party
Bodil Steen Rasmussen (Clinical Professor, MD, PhD, Aalborg University Hospital) — Principal investigator
First posted
Jun 2, 2017
Start date
Jun 19, 2017
Primary completion
Nov 3, 2020
Completion
Aug 3, 2021
Last update
Oct 26, 2021

Study contacts

Bodil Steen Rasmussen, MD, PhD
principal investigator · Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark
Anders Perner, MD, PhD
study chair · Rigshospitalet, Denmark

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
Yes
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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This study is completed, as verified in Oct 2021. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.

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