ClinicalTrials.gg
Not yet recruitingNCT07664956Updated Jun 24, 2026

Cyclobenzaprine for Postoperative Pain in Minimally Invasive Hysterectomy

A Phase 4 interventional study of Cyclobenzaprine in Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures, Abnormal Uterine Bleeding, Unspecified and Adenomyosis of Uterus, sponsored by Christiana Care Health Services. Not yet recruiting at 1 site in United States. Open to female participants aged 18 Years and older. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-06-24.

Sponsored by Christiana Care Health Services · Phase 4, Interventional, and Treatment

Phase
Phase 4
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
36
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
18 Years and older
Sex
Female
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Study summary

Typical postoperative pain control after minimally invasive hysterectomy includes ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and a short course of narcotics. The purpose of this study is to see if adding cyclobenzaprine to this regime improves pain control and lessens narcotic use.

Read the detailed description

The purpose of this study is to gather more information on cyclobenzaprine as part of postoperative pain control. Cyclobenzaprine, aka Flexeril®, is NOT an experimental drug and is already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for acute, painful muscle spasms. It is commonly used for muscle-related pain disorders.

This research is being done because prior studies have shown that cyclobenzaprine helps with pain due to muscle spasms. Some studies showed that cyclobenzaprine does help reduce pain scores in patients undergoing abdominal or joint surgery, but the studies are very limited. This study will see if cyclobenzaprine can be used to decrease post-operative pain in patients undergoing minimally invasive hysterectomy.

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Conditions studied

  • Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures
  • Abnormal Uterine Bleeding, Unspecified
  • Adenomyosis of Uterus
  • Fibroid Uterus
  • Chronic Pelvic Pain
  • Endometriosis
  • Menorrhagia
  • Endometritis
  • Adnexal Diseases

Keywords

  • cyclobenzaprine
  • flexeril
  • hysterectomy
  • minimally invasive hysterectomy
  • pain control
  • multimodal pain control
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In context

Metrorrhagia

153 studies on the registry are indexed under Metrorrhagia; 35 are open to participants now.

This study's planned enrollment of 36 is below the median of 100 across 115 interventional studies indexed under Metrorrhagia.

Browse Metrorrhagia studies →

Lead sponsor

Christiana Care Health Services is the lead sponsor of 94 studies on the registry; 6 are open to participants now.

Of its 5 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 1 (20%) have results posted.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years and older
Sexes eligible
Female
Accepts healthy volunteers
No

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

  • Age >18yo
  • Female
  • English speaking
  • Undergoing (robotic assisted or classic) total laparoscopic hysterectomy ± unilateral or bilateral salpingectomy ± unilateral or bilateral oophorectomy
  • If other procedures such as lysis of adhesions, excision of endometriosis, or ureterolysis are indicated based on intraoperative evaluation, those patients may still be included
  • Surgery took place at ChristianaCare Hospitals
  • No allergies or to standard of care post operative pain medications (acetaminophen, NSAIDs, narcotics) or cyclobenzaprine

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Age \<18yo
  • Male
  • Pregnant, breastfeeding
  • Non-English speaking
  • Primary procedures other than laparoscopic hysterectomy
  • Laparoscopic myomectomy
  • Laparoscopic resection of endometriosis
  • Laparoscopic unilateral or bilateral salpingectomy ± unilateral or bilateral oophorectomy ± unilateral or bilateral cystectomy without hysterectomy
  • Hysteroscopic procedures
  • Bartholin gland marsupialization
  • Operations that are scheduled as or converted to the open approach
  • Procedures with planned or unplanned bladder or bowel surgery
  • Allergies or to standard post operative pain control medications (acetaminophen, NSAIDs, narcotics), such as kidney or liver damage/failure, bariatric surgery, history of gastric ulcer, etc.
  • Chronic pain issues, whether self-diagnosed or by a physician, currently undergoing management
  • Currently undergoing medication assisted treatment for opioid use disorder
  • Currently using opioids consistently
  • Allergies or contraindications to cyclobenzaprine:
  • Absolute: use of MAO inhibitors within 14 days, recent heart attack, congestive heart failure, heart block or other conduction abnormalities, cardiac arrhythmias, hyperthyroidism, history of serotonin syndrome
  • Allergies or contraindications to inactive ingredients in Flexeril, such as lactose
  • Patient's receiving gabapentin at baseline or postoperatively, due to potential sedating effects, or other sedating drugs such as scheduled benzodiazepines and barbiturates
Terms in these criteria, in plain language(1)

Underlined terms in the criteria open these too. Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.

Contraindication

A reason a treatment, test or procedure should not be given to a particular person, such as an allergy, another illness or a medicine they take.

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Study design

Phase
Phase 4
Primary purpose
Treatment
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Parallel assignment
Masking
None (open label)
Enrollment
36 participants (estimated)

Study arms

  • No intervention
    Control

    No additional intervention

  • Experimental
    Cyclobenzaprine

    5mg cyclobenzaprine q8h for one week postoperatively

    Drug: Cyclobenzaprine

Interventions

  • 5mg cyclobenzaprine q8hr for one week postoperatively after minimally invasive hysterectomy

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What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Pain Score on Post Op Day 3

    The primary objective of the study will be to assess pain scores via Visual Analog Scale (VAS) on Post Op Day 3 compared between the control group vs cyclobenzaprine group. Ratings will be from 0 to 10, which are associated with visual cues to aid in selection. As stated above, VAS pain scores will be collected electronically via REDCap. The survey will be distributed via Doximity text or patient portal message.

    Time frame: 3 days postoperatively

Secondary outcomes

  1. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Pain Scores on POD 0, 1, and 7

    Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is rated 0-10. The study is not designed, nor powered, to test any other hypotheses other than the primary outcome. However, the study will collect data on analgesic use over a one-week period. In addition to the primary outcome of pain scores on POD3, pain scores will be collected on post op days 0, 1, and 7.

    Time frame: 1 week

  2. Cyclobenzaprine Side Effects as Part of Multimodal Analgesia

    The study will collect data on and analyze and describe side effects that may be contributed to cyclobenzaprine use.

    Time frame: 1 week

  3. Potential Contributors to Differences in Visual Analog Pain Scale Reported

    The researchers will also collect data to determine if any of the following variables contribute to changes in pain scores and/or requirements for analgesia: size of uterus, indication for operation, pathology, length of operation, blood loss, complications, and other pelvic surgeries performed.

    Time frame: 1 week

  4. Number of Alternative Postoperative Pain Medications Required to Achieve Adequate Analgesia

    The researchers will determine if adding another adjunctive medication (i.e. cyclobenzaprine) for pain affects the compliance of post-operative medications (such as ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and oxycodone). Specifically, we will determine the number of oxycodone tabs left at the end of the first week postoperatively and ask the patient to report if they took ibuprofen and acetaminophen scheduled, as prescribed.

    Time frame: 1 week

Other outcomes

  1. Changes in Number of Interactions with the Health System

    The researchers will determine if having the addition of cyclobenzaprine as part of postoperative multimodal pain management correlates with the number of times the patient interacts with the health system postoperatively, including but not limited to communications, office visits, ER visits, and readmissions.

    Time frame: 4 weeks

07

Study locations

1 site
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References and documents

Publications

  • Khan NF, Bykov K, Barnett ML, Glynn RJ, Vine SM, Gagne JJ. Comparative Risk of Opioid Overdose With Concomitant Use of Prescription Opioids and Skeletal Muscle Relaxants. Neurology. 2022 Sep 27;99(13):e1432-e1442. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000200904. Epub 2022 Jul 14. PubMed 35835561 ↗
  • Chen C, Hennessy S, Brensinger CM, Miano TA, Bilker WB, Dublin S, Chung SP, Horn JR, Tiwari A, Leonard CE. Comparative Risk of Injury with Concurrent Use of Opioids and Skeletal Muscle Relaxants. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2024 Jul;116(1):117-127. doi: 10.1002/cpt.3248. Epub 2024 Mar 14. PubMed 38482733 ↗
  • Day LT, Jeanmonod RK. Serotonin syndrome in a patient taking Lexapro and Flexeril: a case report. Am J Emerg Med. 2008 Nov;26(9):1069.e1-3. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2008.03.028. PubMed 19091289 ↗
  • Braschi E, Garrison S, Allan GM. Cyclobenzaprine for acute back pain. Can Fam Physician. 2015 Dec;61(12):1074. No abstract available. PubMed 26668287 ↗
  • Tu J, Zhang C, Xie S, He J, Zhang H. Cyclobenzaprine-related adverse events: a comprehensive pharmacovigilance analysis using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. Front Med (Lausanne). 2025 Sep 22;12:1574395. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1574395. eCollection 2025. PubMed 41058614 ↗
  • Choi JB, Kang K, Song MK, Seok S, Kim YH, Kim JE. Pain Characteristics after Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy. Int J Med Sci. 2016 Jul 5;13(8):562-8. doi: 10.7150/ijms.15875. eCollection 2016. PubMed 27499688 ↗
  • Nelson G, Altman AD, Nick A, Meyer LA, Ramirez PT, Achtari C, Antrobus J, Huang J, Scott M, Wijk L, Acheson N, Ljungqvist O, Dowdy SC. Guidelines for postoperative care in gynecologic/oncology surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS(R)) Society recommendations--Part II. Gynecol Oncol. 2016 Feb;140(2):323-32. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.12.019. Epub 2016 Jan 3. No abstract available. PubMed 26757238 ↗
  • Turner NF, Greco NJ. The rapid recovery study: Cyclobenzaprine's effect on recovery following joint arthroplasty. J Orthop. 2024 Mar 13;54:81-85. doi: 10.1016/j.jor.2024.03.016. eCollection 2024 Aug. PubMed 38550387 ↗
  • Ogura Y, Gum JL, Steele P, Crawford CH 3rd, Djurasovic M, Owens RK 2nd, Laratta JL, Davis E, Brown M, Daniels C, Dimar JR 2nd, Glassman SD, Carreon LY. Multi-modal pain control regimen for anterior lumbar fusion drastically reduces in-hospital opioid consumption. J Spine Surg. 2020 Dec;6(4):681-687. doi: 10.21037/jss-20-629. PubMed 33447670 ↗
  • van Tulder MW, Touray T, Furlan AD, Solway S, Bouter LM; Cochrane Back Review Group. Muscle relaxants for nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review within the framework of the cochrane collaboration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003 Sep 1;28(17):1978-92. doi: 10.1097/01.BRS.0000090503.38830.AD. PubMed 12973146 ↗
  • Winchell GA, King JD, Chavez-Eng CM, Constanzer ML, Korn SH. Cyclobenzaprine pharmacokinetics, including the effects of age, gender, and hepatic insufficiency. J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Jan;42(1):61-9. doi: 10.1177/0091270002042001007. PubMed 11808825 ↗
  • Verdiner R, Khurmi N, Choukalas C, Erickson C, Poterack K. Does adding muscle relaxant make post-operative pain better? a narrative review of the literature from US and European studies. Anesth Pain Med (Seoul). 2023 Oct;18(4):340-348. doi: 10.17085/apm.23055. Epub 2023 Oct 30. PubMed 37919918 ↗
  • Farishta A, Iancau A, Janis JE, Joshi GP. Use of Muscle Relaxants for Acute Postoperative Pain: A Practical Review. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2024 Jul 1;12(7):e5938. doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000005938. eCollection 2024 Jul. PubMed 38957722 ↗
  • Ayogu CI, Javed A, Pompeu Dos Santos AF. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery vs Traditional Recovery Pathway After Minimally Invasive Hysterectomy for Benign Indications: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2025 Sep;32(9):775-783. doi: 10.1016/j.jmig.2025.04.003. Epub 2025 Apr 10. PubMed 40216301 ↗
  • Wang Y, Sun J, Yu K, Liu X, Liu L, Miao H, Li T. Virtual reality exposure reduce acute postoperative pain in female patients undergoing laparoscopic gynecology surgery: A Randomized Control Trial (RCT) study. J Clin Anesth. 2024 Oct;97:111525. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2024.111525. Epub 2024 Jun 12. PubMed 38870701 ↗
  • Huda AU, Minhas R, Yasir M. Intravenous ketamine in gynaecological surgeries reduces pain score and opioid consumption. J Pak Med Assoc. 2022 Dec;72(12):2491-2497. doi: 10.47391/JPMA.5275. PubMed 37246675 ↗
  • Somaini M, Brambillasca P, Ingelmo PM, Lovisari F, Catenacci SS, Rossini V, Bucciero M, Sahillioglu E, Buda A, Signorelli M, Gili M, Joshi G, Fumagalli R, Ferland CE, Diemunsch P. Effects of peritoneal ropivacaine nebulization for pain control after laparoscopic gynecologic surgery. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2014 Sep-Oct;21(5):863-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jmig.2014.03.021. Epub 2014 Apr 12. PubMed 24727030 ↗
  • Blanton E, Lamvu G, Patanwala I, Barron KI, Witzeman K, Tu FF, As-Sanie S. Non-opioid pain management in benign minimally invasive hysterectomy: A systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Jun;216(6):557-567. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.12.175. Epub 2016 Dec 30. PubMed 28043841 ↗
  • Wong M, Morris S, Wang K, Simpson K. Managing Postoperative Pain After Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery in the Era of the Opioid Epidemic. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2018 Nov-Dec;25(7):1165-1178. doi: 10.1016/j.jmig.2017.09.016. Epub 2017 Sep 28. PubMed 28964926 ↗
  • Munro A, Sjaus A, George RB. Anesthesia and analgesia for gynecological surgery. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2018 Jun;31(3):274-279. doi: 10.1097/ACO.0000000000000584. PubMed 29474216 ↗

Study documents

PDFs hosted by the registry, ClinicalTrials.gov.

Individual participant data

Plan to share: No — Individual data will not be analyzed, only group data.

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Updates

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Jun 24, 2026, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
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Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT07664956
Lead sponsor
Christiana Care Health Services
Responsible party
Sponsor
First posted
Jun 24, 2026
Start date
Jul 1, 2026 (estimated)
Primary completion
Sep 1, 2026 (estimated)
Completion
Dec 1, 2026 (estimated)
Last update
Jun 24, 2026

Study contacts

Margaret Wingo, MD
Contact
margaret.wingo@christianacare.org
302-623-4410
Kathryn Denny, MD
Contact

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
Yes
FDA-regulated drug
Yes
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

Not currently enrolling

This study is not yet recruiting, as verified in Jun 2026. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.

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Studies of the drug tested here: Cyclobenzaprine

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