An interventional study of Intervention: ED - physiotherapist group and Control: resident physician group in Musculoskeletal Diseases, Low Back Pain and Emergency Service, Hospital, sponsored by Bern University of Applied Sciences. Completed at 1 site in Switzerland. Open to participants aged 18 Years to 79 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-03-10.
Sponsored by Bern University of Applied Sciences · Not applicable, Interventional, and Diagnostic
Background: This randomized study, conducted from October to December 2023 in the emergency department of Bethesda Hospital Basel, Switzerland, investigated a new model of care for patients presenting with non-urgent musculoskeletal disorders (MSKDs). It was initiated in response to two major challenges in the Swiss healthcare system: a shortage of general practitioners and a rising number of ED visits for conditions such as back, neck, and shoulder pain, sprains, and other joint or muscle complaints without serious underlying pathology. Internationally, Advanced Physiotherapy Practice (APP) roles, in which specially trained physiotherapists independently assess, diagnose, treat, and discharge patients with appropriate MSKDs, have been successfully implemented in emergency settings, but this model is still novel in Switzerland, and local evidence on safety and comparability to medical care is lacking.
Methods: A total of 102 patients with musculoskeletal complaints and no signs of serious structural or systemic disease were included after informed consent. Patients were randomly assigned either to an intervention group, managed by physiotherapists working in an advanced practice role, or to a control group receiving standard care from resident physicians. Senior physicians, acting as reference standard, reviewed clinical findings, diagnoses, treatment recommendations, and discharge decisions from both groups. Agreement between each provider group and senior physicians was quantified using established measures of inter-rater reliability, specifically Cohen's Kappa (κ) and Gwet's AC1, to determine concordance beyond chance.
Conclusions: This study aims to determine whether advanced practice physiotherapists can provide clinical decision-making comparable to resident physicians for non-urgent MSKDs in the ED. Demonstrating high levels of agreement in diagnosis, management, and discharge planning would support the safe integration of APP roles into Swiss emergency workflows, with potential benefits including reduced waiting times, more efficient use of physician resources, improved patient flow, and maintenance of high standards of care and patient safety, thereby informing workforce planning and task-sharing strategies in acute care.
The study will be conducted between October and December 2023 in the emergency department (ED) of Bethesda Hospital Basel (BSAG), Switzerland, to evaluate a new model of care for patients presenting with non-urgent musculoskeletal conditions (MSKDs). This study was motivated by two major challenges in the Swiss healthcare system: a shortage of general practitioners and an increasing number of ED visits for conditions such as back pain, neck pain, shoulder pain, sprains, and other joint or muscle complaints that do not involve serious structural injury or underlying disease.
Internationally, Advanced Physiotherapy Practice (APP) roles have been successfully implemented in emergency departments. In this model, specially trained physiotherapists assess, diagnose, treat, and discharge patients with appropriate musculoskeletal complaints, working alongside medical staff.
While this approach has been successfully implemented internationally, it remains relatively new in Switzerland, and evidence was needed to determine whether it is safe and comparable to standard medical care in the ED setting.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of agreement in diagnosis, treatment decisions, and discharge planning between physiotherapists and resident physicians, using senior physicians as the reference standard. A total of 102 patients presenting with musculoskeletal complaints without signs of serious underlying or structural pathology were included. After providing consent, patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the intervention group, in which they were assessed and managed by physiotherapists working in an advanced practice role, or the control group, in which they received standard care from resident physicians.
To ensure patient safety and provide a benchmark for comparison, senior physicians reviewed the clinical findings, diagnoses, treatment recommendations, and discharge decisions from both groups. The degree of agreement between each group and the senior physicians was analyzed using established statistical measures of inter-rater reliability, specifically Cohen's Kappa (κ) and Gwet's AC1. These methods quantify how closely clinical decisions align beyond what would be expected by chance.
This study is highly relevant for patients and families, as it explores whether qualified physiotherapists can safely and effectively manage non-urgent musculoskeletal cases in the emergency department. If agreement levels are high, this would support the safe integration of advanced practice physiotherapists into ED workflows. Potential benefits include reduced waiting times, more efficient use of physician resources, and improved patient flow, while maintaining high standards of care and patient safety.
For healthcare providers and policymakers, the findings contribute important evidence regarding task-sharing and interprofessional collaboration in acute care settings. Demonstrating comparable clinical decision-making between physiotherapists and resident physicians could support workforce innovation, help address physician shortages, and inform future healthcare planning in Switzerland. Overall, the study provides structured and objective data on the feasibility and safety of implementing Advanced Physiotherapy Practice within a Swiss emergency department context.
Exclusion Criteria:
All patients in the ED-PT groups (3 subgroups) will undergo a medical history assessment and standardized red flag screening (Boissonnault, 2011; Lüdtke, 2021) to exclude non-musculoskeletal causes. The questionnaire will be signed by both the patient and the ED-PT. Patients with identified red flags will be excluded before randomization. Additionally, all cases will be reviewed by a senior physician to ensure safety. After exclusion of red flags, the ED-PT will perform the clinical assessment, establish a provisional diagnosis, and develop a management and discharge plan. All data will be recorded in a CRF. Before discharge, a senior physician will review and confirm the plan (yes/no) and retain final medical responsibility. A written report to the GP will conclude the ED consultation.
Diagnostic Test: Intervention: ED - physiotherapist group
Resident physicians (RPs) will perform the initial clinical assessment and propose a diagnosis and management plan, which will be reviewed and approved by a senior physician prior to discharge, in accordance with standard emergency department procedures at Bethesda Hospital AG (BSAG). The same predefined clinical workflow will be applied in both groups (RP and ED-PT).
Diagnostic Test: Control: resident physician group
All patients in the ED-PT groups (3 subgroups) will undergo a medical history assessment and standardized red flag screening (Boissonnault, 2011; Lüdtke, 2021) to exclude non-musculoskeletal causes. The questionnaire will be signed by both the patient and the ED-PT. Patients with identified red flags will be excluded before randomization. Additionally, all cases will be reviewed by a senior physician to ensure safety. After exclusion of red flags, the ED-PT will perform the clinical assessment, establish a provisional diagnosis, and develop a management and discharge plan. All data will be recorded in a case report form (CRF). Before discharge, a senior physician will review and confirm the plan (yes/no) and retain final medical responsibility. A written report to the GP will conclude the ED consultation.
Resident physicians (RPs) will perform the initial clinical assessment and propose a diagnosis and management plan, which will be reviewed and approved by a senior physician prior to discharge, in accordance with standard emergency department procedures at Bethesda Hospital AG (BSAG). The same predefined clinical workflow will be applied in both groups (RP and ED-PT).
Agreement
Description:The primary outcome will be the level of agreement, measured using Cohen's Kappa (κ) and Gwet's AC1 (AC1), regarding diagnosis and follow-up recommendations between ED-PTs resp. residents (control group), and the senior physician.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 13 weeks.
Diagnostic Competence APP
Cohen's Kappa (κ) and Gwet's AC1 (AC1) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for the review of the diagnosis and follow-up recommendations
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 13 weeks
Plan to share: No — The informed consent obtained from participants did not include explicit provisions for public sharing of individual-level data beyond the research team. In accordance with Swiss data protection regulations and institutional policies, data access is therefore restricted to authorized study personnel.
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Bern University of Applied Sciences