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RecruitingNCT04353960AK-OCRUpdated Jul 31, 2024

The Alaska Oculocardiac Reflex Study

An observational study in Bradycardia and Strabismus, sponsored by Alaska Blind Child Discovery. Recruiting at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 1 Month to 100 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2024-07-31.

Sponsored by Alaska Blind Child Discovery · Observational

From the registry’s dates

  • Started Sep 1992; still recruiting 34 years 2 months later.
Study type
Observational
Model
Cohort
Time perspective
Prospective
Enrollment
4,000
Ages
1 Month to 100 Years
Sex
All
01

Study summary

Observation study monitoring vital signs and anesthetic variables particularly heart rate during prospective, ocular manipulation and specifically uniform tension on extra ocular muscles during strabismus surgery.

*IRB approval from 1992 covered in letter from then IRB chair Dr. Judith Whitcomb, Anchorage, Alaska (letter 10/2020).*

Read the detailed description

Patients with ocular manipulation including those scheduled for strabismus surgery will have peri-operative variables monitored before, during and after uniform traction on extra ocular muscles (EOM). The oculocardiac reflex (OCR) will be elicited by quantified (200 gram, 10-second, square-wave) traction on Jameson muscle hook under insertion of an extra ocular muscle (EOM, rectus). Stable pre-tension heart rate, and greatest change heart rate will be recorded. Additional variables to be recorded: birthdate, gender, race, weight, iris color, pre-operative neurodevelopmental conditions, pre-operative medications, induction medications, expired carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, exhaled gas concentrations, anticholinergic medications, opioids, muscle relaxants, type of airway and the number of EOM operated.

02

Conditions studied

  • Bradycardia
  • Strabismus

Keywords

  • oculocardiac reflex
03

In context

Bradycardia

317 studies on the registry are indexed under Bradycardia; 71 are open to participants now.

This study's planned enrollment of 4,000 is above the median of 257 across 127 observational studies indexed under Bradycardia.

Browse Bradycardia studies →

Lead sponsor

Alaska Blind Child Discovery is the lead sponsor of 11 studies on the registry; 1 is open to participants now.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
1 Month to 100 Years
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
Yes
Sampling method
Non-probability sample

Study population

Adults and children undergoing ocular manipulation and tension on extra ocular muscles and strabismus surgery

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

  • Patient scheduled for ocular manipulation and tension on extra ocular muscles and strabismus surgery

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • anophthalmia
05

Study design

Observational model
Cohort
Time perspective
Prospective
Enrollment
4,000 participants (estimated)
Patient registry
No

Groups and cohorts

  • anticholinergic

    Patients who receive anticholinergic medication before strabismus surgery

    Diagnostic Test: electrocardiograph

  • non-anticholinergic

    Patients who do not received anticholinergic medication before strabismus surgery

    Diagnostic Test: electrocardiograph

Interventions

  • Diagnostic testelectrocardiograph

    electrocardiograph monitor during strabismus surgery

    Also known as: ECG, EKG

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Percent heart rate resulting from oculocardiac reflex

    Continuous variable of percent change in heart rate from stable pre-heart rate to greatest change heart rate during strabismus surgery

    Time frame: 30 seconds

Secondary outcomes

  1. Anesthetic interventions

    Impact of existing and emerging anesthetics on oculocardiac reflex. This shall include various existing and emerging medications and inhalation agents, dosage, routes, airway types, general anesthesia and awake, and monitor methods.

    Time frame: 2 hours

  2. Patient Characteristics

    The impact of various patient characteristics on oculocardiac reflex including patient age, weight, gender and race, the presence of neuro-developmental condition.

    Time frame: 2 hours

  3. Surgeon Interventions

    The impact of various aspects/phases of ocular manipulation and/or surgical technique. This includes monitored electrocardiograph during insertion of lid speculum, pressure on the globe, grasping of conjunctiva, incision of conjunctiva, dissection of Tenon's capsule, traction on extra ocular muscle, suturing extra ocular muscle, disinsertion of extra ocular muscle, re-suturing of extra ocular muscle and closure of conjunctiva.

    Time frame: 2 hours

07

Study locations

1 of 1 sites recruiting
  • Alaska Children's EYE & Strabismus
    Anchorage, Alaska 99508, United States
    Recruiting
    • Robert W Arnold, MD · Contactpdimd@me.com · 907-561-1917
    • Brion Beerle, MD · Contactklistercat@gmail.com · 907-230-7359
    • Robert W Arnold, MD · Principal investigator
08

References and documents

Publications

  • Arnold RW, Biggs RE, Beerle BJ. Intravenous dexmedetomidine augments the oculocardiac reflex. J AAPOS. 2018 Jun;22(3):211-213.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2018.01.016. Epub 2018 May 5. PubMed 29733898 ↗
  • Arnold RW. The human heart rate response profiles to five vagal maneuvers. Yale J Biol Med. 1999 Jul-Aug;72(4):237-44. PubMed 10907774 ↗
  • Stump M, Arnold RW. Iris color alone does not predict susceptibility to the oculocardiac reflex in strabismus surgery. Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 1999;14(2):111-6. PubMed 10506688 ↗
  • Arnold RW, Farah RF, Monroe G. The attenuating effect of intraglossal atropine on the oculocardiac reflex. Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2002;17(4):313-8. PubMed 12470294 ↗
  • Machida CJ, Arnold RW. The effect of induced muscle tension and fatigue on the oculocardiac reflex. Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2003;18(2):81-6. PubMed 12785319 ↗
  • Arnold RW, Jensen PA, Kovtoun TA, Maurer SA, Schultz JA. The profound augmentation of the oculocardiac reflex by fast acting opioids. Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2004;19(4):215-22. PubMed 15530138 ↗
  • Arnold RW, Bond AN, McCall M, Lunoe L. The oculocardiac reflex and depth of anesthesia measured by brain wave. BMC Anesthesiol. 2019 Mar 14;19(1):36. doi: 10.1186/s12871-019-0712-z. PubMed 30871507 ↗
  • Arnold RW, Bond AN. Does Topical Proparacaine Improve Postoperative Comfort After Strabismus Surgery? Clin Ophthalmol. 2019 Nov 20;13:2279-2283. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S230498. eCollection 2019. PubMed 31819352 ↗
  • Arnold RW. The Oculocardiac Reflex: A Review. Clin Ophthalmol. 2021 Jun 24;15:2693-2725. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S317447. eCollection 2021. PubMed 34194223 ↗
  • Arnold RW, Jansen S, Seelig JC, Glasionov M, Biggs RE, Beerle B. Anesthetic Impacts on the Oculocardiac Reflex: Evidence from a Large, Observational Study. Clin Ophthalmol. 2021 Mar 5;15:973-981. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S300860. eCollection 2021. PubMed 33716499 ↗
  • Schumacher AC, Ball ML, Arnold AW, Grendahl RL, Winkle RK, Arnold RW. Oculocardiac Reflex During ROP Exams. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020 Dec 4;14:4263-4269. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S288043. eCollection 2020. PubMed 33324032 ↗
  • Arnold RW, Rinner AR, Arnold AW, Beerle BJ. The Impact of Re-Operation, Relatives and Race on the Oculocardiac Reflex During Strabismus Surgery. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020 Dec 3;14:4253-4261. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S288578. eCollection 2020. PubMed 33299298 ↗

Individual participant data

Plan to share: Yes — de-identified data on Study website

Time frame: ongoing

Access criteria: Web download

Data sharing details ↗ · www.abcd-vision.org

09

Timeline

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
ElapsedEstimatedEstimated, not yet reachedSimilar studies: half by the dot; the band is the middle halfHalf of similar studies reached it by the dot; the band is the middle half, from a quarter to three quarters

Started Sep 1992 (actual). Primary completion is estimated for Dec 2035, 519 months after the start.

Of 73 observational studies under Bradycardia, half reached primary completion within 42 months of starting (the median), counting those still running; a quarter within 18 and three quarters within 96. This study's planned 519 months is above that.

How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.

Registered
Apr 15, 2020
First posted
Apr 21, 2020
StartActual
Sep 1, 1992
Primary completionEst.
Dec 31, 2035
CompletionEst.
Dec 31, 2035
Last update
Jul 31, 2024
What these dates mean
Start.
When the first participant enrolled; while estimated, when the study expects to open to recruitment.
Primary completion.
When the last participant was examined or treated to collect data for the study's main question, its primary outcome. A study that stopped early gives the date its data collection stopped.
Completion.
When the last participant's last visit took place, for every outcome, secondary ones and side effects included: the end of the study. Often later than primary completion, sometimes the same day.
Actual and Est.
Actual means the registry says the date has happened. Est. (estimated) is a date the sponsor plans or expects. It can still move, and the sponsor is expected to change it to actual once it has passed.
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Jul 31, 2024, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
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Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT04353960
Lead sponsor
Alaska Blind Child Discovery
Responsible party
Sponsor
First posted
Apr 21, 2020
Start date
Sep 1, 1992
Primary completion
Dec 31, 2035 (estimated)
Completion
Dec 31, 2035 (estimated)
Last update
Jul 31, 2024

Study contacts

Robert W Arnold, MD
Contact
eyedoc@alaska.net
907-242-6180
Brion J Beerle, MD
Contact
klistercat@gmail.com
907-230-7359
Robert W Arnold, MD
principal investigator · Alaska Blind Child Discovery

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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