CClinicalTrials.gg
CompletedNCT04175639ICAN-NCUpdated Dec 9, 2025Results posted

mHealth Behavioral Cancer Pain Intervention for Medically Underserved Patients

An interventional study of Mobile Health Pain Coping Skills Training (mPCST) in Breast Cancer, sponsored by Duke University. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to female participants aged 18 Years to 99 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2025-12-09.

Sponsored by Duke University · Not applicable, Interventional, and Treatment

Phase
Not applicable
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
180
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
18 Years to 99 Years
Sex
Female
01

Study summary

The efficacy of a mobile health (mHealth) behavioral cancer pain intervention designed to decrease pain and disability for breast cancer patients in medically underserved areas has not been investigated. The long-term goal of this work is to use mHealth technologies to facilitate wide-spread implementation of an efficacious behavioral cancer pain intervention - a non-pharmacological approach to pain management. The proposed project's objective is to demonstrate the efficacy of an innovative mobile health Pain Coping Skills Training (mPCST-Community) designed to meet the needs of breast cancer patients with pain in medically underserved areas. mPCST-Community addresses intervention barriers for patients in medically underserved areas as it is delivered with video-conferencing in the patients' community based oncology clinic by a remote therapist, is extended to the patients' home environment using simple mHealth technology, and is low-literacy adapted. The central hypothesis is that mPCST-Community will result in decreased pain compared to a mHealth education attention control group (mHealth-Ed). The rationale of this proposal is that if mPCST-Community is shown to be efficacious it will rapidly increase intervention access for individuals who receive their oncology care in medically underserved areas and ultimately reduce pain-related suffering. Guided by strong preliminary data, a randomized controlled trial will be used to pursue three specific aims: 1) Test the extent to which the mPCST-Community intervention reduces pain, fatigue, disability, and distress, 2) Examine self-efficacy and pain catastrophizing as mediators through which the mPCST-Community leads to reductions in pain, fatigue, disability, and distress, and 3) To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of mPCST-Community. For Aim 1, based on the study team's extensive work demonstrating the efficacy of in-person pain coping skills training protocols and pilot work showing promise for mPCST-Community, it is expected that mPCST-Community will lead to decreased pain as well as fatigue, disability, and distress compared to mHealth-Ed. For Aim 2, it is expected that the effects of mPCST-Community will be mediated by increased self-efficacy for pain control and decreased pain catastrophizing. For Aim 3, it is expected that mPCST-Community will demonstrate cost-effectiveness as assessed by all-cause medical resource use, participant and therapist time, and health utilities as well as successful overall accrual, high subject retention, and high intervention adherence.

Read the detailed description

Guided by extensive prior work, the investigators have designed an innovative mHealth behavioral pain coping skills training (PCST) intervention to reduce pain and disability in cancer patients in medically underserved areas (mPCST-Community). Our prior work has tested PCST protocols through in-person sessions at major medical centers where resources and literacy levels are relatively high. mPCST-Community is different and innovative; it uses mHealth technology (e.g., videoconferencing) to decrease access barriers for patients in medically underserved areas. The protocol is brief (4 sessions) and delivered in the community clinic by a remote well-trained pain therapist. Importantly, this protocol has been carefully adapted for low literacy patients.Beverly Thorn, PhD, a nationally recognized expert in strategies for adapting pain coping interventions to low literacy, medically underserved patients, was instrumental in developing the mPCST-Community protocol. mPCST-Community extends to the patient's daily life through use of a simple mobile application that provides low literacy text/audio protocol summaries, relaxation audio, daily assessment and personalized feedback, and coping messaging.

The investigators propose a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to test the efficacy of the developed mPCST-Community protocol in breast cancer patients with pain receiving cancer care in medically underserved areas (N=180). The investigators have done careful and extensive pilot work to prepare for the proposed trial. Our pilot work (Journal of Psychosocial Oncology) was conducted in breast cancer patients with pain in three medically underserved rural community clinics. First, focus group data (3 groups; n=19) were used to further refine the adapted protocol. Second, the mPCST-Community protocol was evaluated in a single-arm trial with 20 patients. The invesitgators found high feasibility (i.e., recruitment met), low attrition and high adherence (90% completion), and high acceptability. Importantly, impressive and positive pre- to post-intervention changes were found for pain severity (t=-2.52, p=0.01,gav=0.62; 30% change), pain interference (t=-2.62,p=0.01, gav=0.62), and self-efficacy for pain management (t=3.57, p=0.0004, gav=0.98; 30% change).8Study specific aims are:

Aim 1:Test the extent to which mPCST-Community reduces breast cancer patients' pain severity (primary outcome), pain interference, fatigue, physical disability, and psychological distress. Hypothesis:mPCST-Community will lead to decreases in these pain-related outcomes compared to a Health-Ed control condition.

Aim 2:Examine mediators through which mPCST-Community leads to benefits. Hypothesis:The effects of mPCST-Community on pain severity, pain interference, fatigue, physical disability, and psychological distress will be mediated by increased self-efficacy for pain management and decreased pain catastrophizing.

Aim 3:Evaluate the cost and cost-effectiveness of mPCST-Community. Hypothesis: mPCST-Community will be cost-saving or cost effective in terms of its incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year from a societal perspective, inclusive of healthcare, intervention and patient-time costs. Its sustainability will be further demonstrated by documenting successful accrual, retention, and protocol adherence.

02

Conditions studied

  • Breast Cancer

Keywords

  • cancer
  • pain
  • fatigue
  • distress
  • coping
  • mHealth
  • symptom management
  • physical disability
03

In context

Breast Neoplasms

12,547 studies on the registry are indexed under Breast Neoplasms; 2,892 are open to participants now.

This study's enrollment of 180 is above the median of 72 across 9,305 interventional studies indexed under Breast Neoplasms.

Browse Breast Neoplasms studies →

Lead sponsor

Duke University is the lead sponsor of 2,025 studies on the registry; 275 are open to participants now.

Of its 194 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 159 (82%) have results posted.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years to 99 Years
Sexes eligible
Female
Accepts healthy volunteers
No

Inclusion criteria

  1. women with a diagnosis of any breast cancer within the last three years
  2. being >18 years old
  3. having a life expectancy of >12 months
  4. report experiencing pain on at least 10 days in the last month and rate their pain in the past week as a 4 or greater on a 0-10 scale. The combination of these items assess patients level of persistent pain (in the last month) and pain severity with an accurate recall period (i.e., last week; >4).

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  1. cognitive impairment as indicated by a baseline Folstein Mini-Mental Status Examination of \<2588
  2. brain metastases
  3. presence of a severe psychiatric condition or a psychiatric condition (e.g., suicidal intent) that would contraindicate safe participation in the study as indicated by the medical chart, treating oncologist, or medical/study staff interactions, or 4) current or past (\<6 months) engagement in PCST for cancer.
05

Study design

Phase
Not applicable
Primary purpose
Treatment
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Parallel assignment
Masking
None (open label)
Enrollment
180 participants (actual)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    Mobile Health Pain Coping Skills Training (mPCST)

    Mobile Health Pain Coping Skills Training (mPCST) protocol for breast cancer survivors with persistent pain that will produce significant improvements in pain, pain disability, fatigue, physical disability, and adherence to post-treatment lifestyle recommendations that are impacted by pain (i.e., daily activity, self-monitoring of symptoms).

    Behavioral: Mobile Health Pain Coping Skills Training (mPCST)

  • No intervention
    mHealth-Education (mHealth-Ed)

    mHealth-Education (mHealth- Ed): Participating in mHealth will involve four 50-minute individual intervention sessions conducted over the course of 8 weeks with tele-video-conferencing at patient's community-based clinic with a nurse about cancer care.

Interventions

  • BehavioralMobile Health Pain Coping Skills Training (mPCST)

    Participating in Mobile Health Pain Coping Skills Training will involve four 50-minute individual intervention sessions conducted over the course of 8 weeks with tele-video-conferencing at patient's community-based clinic. The therapist delivering the intervention will be at Duke University Medical Center, and patients will be at their community clinic.

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Pain Severity as Measured by the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)

    Pain Severity will be assessed using the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) by asking patients about pain on a scale of 0 = no pain to 10 = pain as bad as you can imagine.

    Time frame: Baseline, post-intervention (up to 10 weeks), 3 months, 6 months

  2. Pain Interference as Measured by the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)

    Pain Interference will be assessed by asking how much pain has interfered with seven daily activities including general activity, walking, work, mood, enjoyment of life, relations with other and sleep within the last 7 days on a scale of 0 = does not interfere to 10 = completely interferes. Reported as the mean score for the seven items.

    Time frame: Baseline, post-intervention (up to 10 weeks), 3 months, 6 months

  3. Change in Fatigue

    The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) six-item Fatigue Scale is a self-report measure of fatigue symptoms. Items ask patients to evaluate symptoms from mild subjective feelings of tiredness to an overwhelming, debilitating, and sustained sense of exhaustion that is likely to decrease one's ability to carry out daily activities. Reported as a T-score with a range of 0 to 100, with a mean score of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. A higher score indicates greater fatigue.

    Time frame: Baseline, post-intervention (up to 10 weeks), 3 months, 6 months

  4. Physical Disability as Measured by the Patient Care Monitor (PCM)

    Physical disability will be assessed using 4-item form Patient Care Monitor (PCM) scale. The four items ask about patients' ability to run, do light physical work or fun activities, do hard physical work or fun activities, and ability to function normally in the last 7 days (0 = not a problem to 10 = as bad as possible). Reported as the mean score for the four items.

    Time frame: Baseline, post-intervention (up to 10 weeks), 3 months, 6 months

Secondary outcomes

  1. Self-Efficacy for Pain Control as Measured by the Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Scale

    The self-efficacy for pain management will be assessed using 5-item Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy scale. This sub-scale contains 5 items that inquire about patients' certainty about degree of pain control, pain during daily activities, controlling pain during sleep, and making pain reductions without extra medication. These items will be answered on a scale of 10 = very uncertain to 100 = very certain scale and averaged.

    Time frame: Baseline, post-intervention (up to 10 weeks), 3 months, 6 months

  2. Pain Catastrophizing as Measured by the Coping Strategies Questionnaire

    Pain catastrophizing will be assessed with the 6-item pain catastrophizing sub-scale of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire. These items ask about patients' tendency to catastrophize when faced with pain and are answered on a scale of 0 = never to 6 = always and averaged.

    Time frame: Baseline, post-intervention (up to 10 weeks), 3 months, 6 months

  3. Cost-Effectiveness

    We will create a composite cost variable based on patient time, medical resource use, productivity, and the EQ-5D.The EQ-5D is a measure of health status that can be linked to population-based preference weights is widely used in economic evaluations. It is short, assessing 5 dimensions (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression). The respondent indicates no problems, some problems, or severe problems in each dimension.

    Time frame: Baseline, post intervention(up to 10 weeks or however long the intervention lasts), 3-month and 6- month: approximately 25 minutes each time

07

Results

Posted Dec 9, 2025

Participant flow

Participant flow — Overall Study
MilestoneMobile Health Pain Coping Skills Training (mPCST)mHealth-Education (mHealth-Ed)
Started9087
Completed7983
Not completed114

Outcome measures

PrimaryPain Severity as Measured by the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)

Pain Severity will be assessed using the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) by asking patients about pain on a scale of 0 = no pain to 10 = pain as bad as you can imagine.

Time frame:
Baseline, post-intervention (up to 10 weeks), 3 months, 6 months
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Pain Severity as Measured by the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)
score on a scaleMobile Health Pain Coping Skills Training (mPCST)mHealth-Education (mHealth-Ed)
Baseline4.71 ± 2.054.51 ± 1.84
Post-intervention3.52 ± 2.044.69 ± 2.32
3 months3.59 ± 2.374.15 ± 2.40
6 months3.16 ± 2.124.13 ± 2.58
PrimaryPain Interference as Measured by the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)

Pain Interference will be assessed by asking how much pain has interfered with seven daily activities including general activity, walking, work, mood, enjoyment of life, relations with other and sleep within the last 7 days on a scale of 0 = does not interfere to 10 = completely interferes. Reported as the mean score for the seven items.

Time frame:
Baseline, post-intervention (up to 10 weeks), 3 months, 6 months
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Pain Interference as Measured by the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)
score on a scaleMobile Health Pain Coping Skills Training (mPCST)mHealth-Education (mHealth-Ed)
Baseline4.64 ± 2.564.76 ± 2.30
Post-intervention3.28 ± 2.344.79 ± 2.55
3 months3.22 ± 2.474.11 ± 2.60
6 months2.92 ± 2.494.04 ± 2.90
PrimaryChange in Fatigue

The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) six-item Fatigue Scale is a self-report measure of fatigue symptoms. Items ask patients to evaluate symptoms from mild subjective feelings of tiredness to an overwhelming, debilitating, and sustained sense of exhaustion that is likely to decrease one's ability to carry out daily activities. Reported as a T-score with a range of 0 to 100, with a mean score of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. A higher score indicates greater fatigue.

Time frame:
Baseline, post-intervention (up to 10 weeks), 3 months, 6 months
Reported as:
Mean · T-score
Change in Fatigue
T-scoreMobile Health Pain Coping Skills Training (mPCST)mHealth-Education (mHealth-Ed)
Baseline60.60 ± 7.6760.59 ± 7.33
Post-intervention56.38 ± 8.1258.95 ± 7.36
3 months56.34 ± 8.3858.02 ± 7.83
6 months54.25 ± 8.9758.52 ± 7.86
PrimaryPhysical Disability as Measured by the Patient Care Monitor (PCM)

Physical disability will be assessed using 4-item form Patient Care Monitor (PCM) scale. The four items ask about patients' ability to run, do light physical work or fun activities, do hard physical work or fun activities, and ability to function normally in the last 7 days (0 = not a problem to 10 = as bad as possible). Reported as the mean score for the four items.

Time frame:
Baseline, post-intervention (up to 10 weeks), 3 months, 6 months
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Physical Disability as Measured by the Patient Care Monitor (PCM)
score on a scaleMobile Health Pain Coping Skills Training (mPCST)mHealth-Education (mHealth-Ed)
Baseline5.56 ± 2.455.87 ± 2.23
Post-intervention4.62 ± 2.405.64 ± 2.30
3 months4.66 ± 2.675.29 ± 2.43
6 months4.20 ± 2.775.31 ± 2.62
SecondarySelf-Efficacy for Pain Control as Measured by the Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Scale

The self-efficacy for pain management will be assessed using 5-item Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy scale. This sub-scale contains 5 items that inquire about patients' certainty about degree of pain control, pain during daily activities, controlling pain during sleep, and making pain reductions without extra medication. These items will be answered on a scale of 10 = very uncertain to 100 = very certain scale and averaged.

Time frame:
Baseline, post-intervention (up to 10 weeks), 3 months, 6 months
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Self-Efficacy for Pain Control as Measured by the Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Scale
score on a scaleMobile Health Pain Coping Skills Training (mPCST)mHealth-Education (mHealth-Ed)
Baseline54.69 ± 17.7956.09 ± 18.09
Post-intervention64.46 ± 20.4255.12 ± 18.64
3 months65.27 ± 21.5856.60 ± 18.97
6 months66.03 ± 23.1758.49 ± 23.52
SecondaryPain Catastrophizing as Measured by the Coping Strategies Questionnaire

Pain catastrophizing will be assessed with the 6-item pain catastrophizing sub-scale of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire. These items ask about patients' tendency to catastrophize when faced with pain and are answered on a scale of 0 = never to 6 = always and averaged.

Time frame:
Baseline, post-intervention (up to 10 weeks), 3 months, 6 months
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Pain Catastrophizing as Measured by the Coping Strategies Questionnaire
score on a scaleMobile Health Pain Coping Skills Training (mPCST)mHealth-Education (mHealth-Ed)
Baseline1.67 ± 1.411.83 ± 1.13
Post-intervention1.22 ± 1.051.60 ± 1.03
3 months1.12 ± 1.061.53 ± 1.16
6 months1.00 ± 1.121.60 ± 1.18
SecondaryCost-Effectiveness

We will create a composite cost variable based on patient time, medical resource use, productivity, and the EQ-5D.The EQ-5D is a measure of health status that can be linked to population-based preference weights is widely used in economic evaluations. It is short, assessing 5 dimensions (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression). The respondent indicates no problems, some problems, or severe problems in each dimension.

Time frame:
Baseline, post intervention(up to 10 weeks or however long the intervention lasts), 3-month and 6- month: approximately 25 minutes each time

Results for this outcome have not been posted.

Adverse events

Collected over 8 months. Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.

Adverse event summary by group
GroupDeathsSeriousOther
Mobile Health Pain Coping Skills Training (mPCST)0/90 (0%)0/90 (0%)0/90 (0%)
mHealth-Education (mHealth-Ed)0/87 (0%)0/87 (0%)0/87 (0%)

Baseline characteristics

Age, Categorical
Age, Categorical(Participants)Mobile Health Pain Coping Skills Training (mPCST)mHealth-Education (mHealth-Ed)Total
<=18 years000
Between 18 and 65 years5461115
>=65 years362662
Age, Continuous
Age, Continuous(years)Mobile Health Pain Coping Skills Training (mPCST)mHealth-Education (mHealth-Ed)Total
Mean61.1 ± 12.559.6 ± 11.460.3 ± 12.0
Sex: Female, Male
Sex: Female, Male(Participants)Mobile Health Pain Coping Skills Training (mPCST)mHealth-Education (mHealth-Ed)Total
Female9087177
Male000
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)(Participants)Mobile Health Pain Coping Skills Training (mPCST)mHealth-Education (mHealth-Ed)Total
Hispanic or Latino213
Not Hispanic or Latino8581166
Unknown or Not Reported358
Race (NIH/OMB)
Race (NIH/OMB)(Participants)Mobile Health Pain Coping Skills Training (mPCST)mHealth-Education (mHealth-Ed)Total
American Indian or Alaska Native9615
Asian000
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander000
Black or African American242751
White5351104
More than one race202
Unknown or Not Reported235
08

Study locations

1 site
  • Duke University Medical Center
    Durham, North Carolina 27705, United States
09

References and documents

Study documents

  • Protocol and statistical analysis plan · Jan 27, 2025
  • Informed consent form · May 1, 2024

Documents are hosted by the registry — open the source record to download them.

Individual participant data

Plan to share: No

10

Updates

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Dec 9, 2025, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
11

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT04175639
Lead sponsor
Duke University
Responsible party
Sponsor
First posted
Nov 25, 2019
Start date
Oct 20, 2021
Primary completion
Dec 20, 2024
Completion
Dec 20, 2024
Results posted
Dec 9, 2025
Last update
Dec 9, 2025

Study contacts

Tamara J Somers, Ph.D.
principal investigator · Duke University

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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