An interventional study of STEP-Home and PCGT in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Traumatic Brain Injury and Substance Related Disorders, sponsored by VA Office of Research and Development. Completed at 2 sites in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years to 75 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2025-10-30.
Sponsored by VA Office of Research and Development · Not applicable, Interventional, and Treatment
In this proposal, the investigators extend their previous SPiRE feasibility and preliminary effectiveness study to examine STEP-Home efficacy in a RCT design. This novel therapy will target the specific needs of a broad range of underserved post-9/11 Veterans. It is designed to foster reintegration by facilitating meaningful improvement in the functional skills most central to community participation: emotional regulation (ER), problem solving (PS), and attention functioning (AT). The skills trained in the STEP-Home workshop are novel in their collective use and have not been systematically applied to a Veteran population prior to the investigators' SPiRE study. STEP-Home will equip Veterans with skills to improve daily function, reduce anger and irritability, and assist reintegration to civilian life through return to work, family, and community, while simultaneously providing psychoeducation to promote future engagement in VA care.
The innovative nature of the STEP-Home intervention is founded in the fact that it is: (a) an adaptation of an established and efficacious intervention, now applied to post-9/11 Veterans; (b) nonstigmatizing (not "therapy" but a "skills workshop" to boost acceptance, adherence and retention); (c) transdiagnostic (open to all post-9/11 Veterans with self-reported reintegration difficulties; Veterans often have multiple mental health diagnoses, but it is not required for enrollment); (d) integrative (focus on the whole person rather than specific and often stigmatizing mental and physical health conditions); (e) comprised of Veteran-specific content to teach participants cognitive behavioral skills needed for successful reintegration (which led to greater acceptability in feasibility study); (f) targets anger and irritability, particularly during interactions with civilians; (g) emphasizes psychoeducation (including other available treatment options for common mental health conditions); and (h) challenges beliefs/barriers to mental health care to increase openness to future treatment and greater mental health treatment utilization. Many Veterans who participated in the development phases of this workshop have gone on to trauma or other focused therapies, or taken on vocational (work/school/volunteer) roles after STEP-Home.
The investigators have demonstrated that the STEP-Home workshop is feasible and results in pre-post change in core skill acquisition that the investigators demonstrated to be directly associated with post-workshop improvement in reintegration status in their SPiRE study. Given the many comorbidities of this cohort, the innovative treatment addresses multiple aspects of mental health, cognitive, and emotional function simultaneously and bolsters reintegration in a short-term group to maximize cost-effectiveness while maintaining quality of care.
Post-9/11 Veterans who served in OEF/OIF face many challenges as they re-enter civilian life after structured military careers. Yet, underutilization and resistance to mental health treatment remains a significant problem. Recent investigations of community reintegration problems among returning Veterans found that half of combat Veterans who use Veterans Administration (VA) services reported difficulty in readjusting to civilian life, including difficulty in social functioning, productivity in work and school settings, community involvement, and self-care domains. High rates of marital, family, and cohabitation discord were reported, with 75% reporting a family conflict in the last week. At least one-third reported divorce, dangerous driving and risky behaviors, increased substance use, and impulsivity and anger control problems since deployment. Almost all Veterans expressed interest in receiving services to help readjust to civilian life, and receiving reintegration services at a VA facility was reported as the preferred way to receive help. Mental health and anger problems are often cited as driving Veterans' difficulties readjusting to civilian life. Anger is becoming more widely recognized for its involvement in the psychological adjustment problems of post-9/11 Veterans. Research has shown that anger directly influences treatment outcome. In fact, history of untreated PTSD and aggression have been demonstrated to be pervasive among post-9/11 Veterans who die by suicide in the months before death. Veterans with probable PTSD report more reintegration and anger problems, and greater interest in services than Veterans without. Reintegration and anger problems continue for years post-combat and may not resolve without intervention.
Research on TBI in post-9/11 Veterans underscores the need for programs that utilize an interdisciplinary approach to reintegration. Programs designed to address challenges of Veterans as they reintegrate in vocational environments, particularly integrative approaches, are greatly needed. The STEP-Home intervention provides such a program. STEP-Home includes focused cognitive and emotional regulation skills training and is informed by the most recent research with returning Veterans and available programs focused on reintegration in VA and military settings (e.g., Battlemind training).
Phase 1: Years 1 and 2 The investigators will initiate the study at the Boston VAMC and develop Standard Operating Procedures for the addition of site 2 in Phase 2.
Phase 2: Years 3 and 4 The investigators will initiate the study at the second site, the Houston VAMC, in Year 3. The investigators will apply in Year 2 for IRB approval to initiate site 2.
Hypotheses \& Aims
Primary Aim 1. Examine treatment effects of STEP-Home on primary outcomes relative to Present Centered Group Therapy (PCGT):
Hypothesis 1A. Participants randomized into the STEP-Home intervention will show improvement on reintegration, readjustment, and anger post-intervention (expressed by lower scores; less difficulty).
Military to Civilian Questionnaire (M2CQ), Post-Deployment Readjustment Inventory (PDRI), and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-2) scores post-intervention (T4) \< baseline (T1)
Hypothesis 1B. Participants randomized into STEP-Home will show greater improvement in primary outcomes as compared to PCGT.
Change scores baseline (T1) to post-intervention (T4) STEP-Home > PCGT change scores Post-intervention (T4) primary outcome scores STEP-Home \< PCGT primary outcome scores (T4)
Primary Aim 2. Examine maintenance of treatment effects on primary outcomes:
Hypothesis 2: Treatment effects will be maintained at follow up in both groups. Differential treatment effect of STEP-Home over PCGT post-intervention (T4) will be maintained at follow up (T5).
Exploratory Aim 1. Explore treatment effects of STEP-Home on measures of mental health, functional and vocational status and cognitive secondary outcomes targeted indirectly in the workshop.
Exploratory Hypothesis 1. Acquisition of core skills (problem solving, emotional regulation, attention training) will mediate the effect of treatment on primary outcomes post-intervention and at follow up.
The successful completion of the aims proposed has the potential to significantly improve skills to foster civilian reintegration in post-9/11Veterans. Furthermore, the STEP-Home SPiRE feasibility study demonstrated that the workshop also serves as a gateway for Veterans who are hesitant to participate in traditional mental health treatments to promote openness and engagement in additional, critically needed, VA services. Given the high rate of treatment resistance in this cohort, developing acceptable interventions that promote treatment engagement and retention, and open the door to future VA care, is necessary to improve functional status and to reduce long-term healthcare costs of untreated mental health illnesses.
2,239 studies on the registry are indexed under Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; 554 are open to participants now.
This study's enrollment of 221 is above the median of 70 across 1,858 interventional studies indexed under Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic.
Browse Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic studies →VA Office of Research and Development is the lead sponsor of 1,733 studies on the registry; 396 are open to participants now.
Of its 206 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 180 (87%) have results posted.
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Post-9/11 Veterans who report some reintegration, readjustment, or anger difficulty
Agreeing to participate
Exclusion Criteria:
current participation in any other form of active behavioral therapy at the time of enrollment
The STEP-Home Arm involves a skills-based intervention focused on Emotional Regulation, Problem Solving, and Attention Training strategies.
Behavioral: STEP-Home
The Present Center Group Therapy (PCGT) Arm involves a nonspecific, supportive intervention, focused on identifying and discussing current life stressors.
Behavioral: PCGT
This group will meet for 2 hours a week for 12 weeks. The core skills of Emotional Regulation (ER) (45-minutes) and Problem Solving (PS) (45-minutes) are introduced and then integrated throughout all Veteran-specific content modules for practice and repetition for 12 weeks. Attention Training (AT) augments PS and ER core skills and is interspersed throughout group and individual sessions.
The PCGT group will also meet for 2 hours a week for 12 weeks. It is a nonspecific and supportive intervention to control for the nonspecific benefits of the group experience (e.g., therapist contact, instillation of hope, expectation of improvement). It will focus on identifying and discussing current life stressors that contribute to reintegration difficulties, psychoeducation, and promotion of wellness and physical health.
Military to Civilian Questionnaire
A 16-item measure of post-deployment community reintegration in post-9/11 Veterans. Higher scores indicate greater reintegration and functional difficulties. Min: 0, Max: 64
Time frame: Baseline, Post 12-Week Treatment, Post Treatment (24 week follow-up)
Post-deployment Readjustment Inventory (Change)
A 36-item measure of readjustment in post-9/11 Veterans with six subscales (career challenges, social difficulties, intimate relationship problems, health concerns, concerns about deployment, and PTSD symptoms). Min and max scores for all the subscales, and the total score, are below. For all, lower scores are better. Total score is calculated by adding the value of all items in all subscales. Career: Min: 5, Max: 25 Health: Min: 5, Max: 25 Intimate Relationship: Min: 5, Max: 25 Social readjustment: Min: 7, Max: 35 Concerns about deployment: Min: 6, Max: 30 PTSD symptoms: Min: 8, Max: 40 TOTAL score: Min: 36, Max: 180
Time frame: Baseline, Post 12-Week Treatment, Post Treatment (24 week follow-up)
State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-2) (Change)
A 57-item widely used measure to assess state anger, trait anger, and anger expression with three subscales (state anger, trait anger, and anger expression). Min and max scores for the subscales, and the total score, are below. For all, lower scores are better. How I Feel Right Now (State Anger): Min: 10, Max: 40, Calculated by summing 15 items in scale How I Generally Feel (Trait Anger): Min: 10, Max: 40, Calculated by summing 15 items in scale When Angry or Furious (Anger expression index): Min: 24, Max: 96, Calculated by summing anger control scores for each item (12 items) and subtracting that from sum of anger expression scores for each item (12 items)
Time frame: Baseline, Post 12-Week Treatment, Post Treatment (24 week follow-up)
Attention-Related Cognitive Errors Scale (ARCES) (Change)
Measure of everyday performance failures arising from brief failures of sustained attention. Min: 12, Max: 60 (lower scores are better)
Time frame: Baseline, Post 12-Week Treatment, Post Treatment (24 week follow-up)
Problem Solving Inventory (PSI) (Change)
Measure of problem solving confidence, approach-avoidance style, and personal control. Min and max scores for all the subscales, and the total score, are below. For all, lower scores are better. Total score calculated by adding the scores of all items. Problem-Solving Confidence: Min: 11, Max: 66 Approach-Avoidance Style: Min: 16, Max: 96 Personal Control: Min: 5, Max: 30 TOTAL score: Min: 32, Max: 192
Time frame: Baseline, Post 12-Week Treatment, Post Treatment (24 week follow-up)
Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) (Change)
Measure to assess multiple aspects of emotion dysregulation. Min and max scores for all the subscales, and the total score, are below. For all, lower scores are better. Nonacceptance of emotional responses: Min: 6, Max: 30 Difficulty engaging in goal-directed behavior: Min: 6, Max: 25 Impulse control difficulties: Min: 6, Max: 30 Lack of emotional awareness: Min: 6, Max: 30 Limited access to emotion regulation strategies: Min: 8, Max: 40 Lack of emotional clarity: Min: 5, Max: 25 TOTAL score: Min: 36, Max: 180, Total score calculated by adding the scores of all items (reverse scoring awareness items).
Time frame: Baseline, Post 12-Week Treatment, Post Treatment (24 week follow-up)
PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) (Change)
A 20-item measure of PTSD updated for DSM-5. Min: 0, Max: 80 (lower scores are better)
Time frame: Baseline, Post 12-Week Treatment, Post Treatment (24 week follow-up)
Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) (Change)
A 21-item measure of current depression, anxiety, and stress. Each subscale Min: 7, Max: 28 (lower scores are better)
Time frame: Baseline, Post 12-Week Treatment, Post Treatment (24 week follow-up)
Neurobehavioral Symptoms Inventory (NSI) (Change)
A 22-item measure of current post-concussive symptoms. Total score Min: 0, Max: 88 (lower scores are better), calculated by adding the scores of all of the subscales. Vestibular Min: 0, Max: 12 (3 items) Somatosensory Min: 0, Max: 20 (5 items) Affective Min: 0, Max: 24 (6 items) Cognitive Min: 0, Max: 32 (8 items)
Time frame: Baseline, Post 12-Week Treatment, Post Treatment (24 week follow-up)
World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule-2.0 (WHODAS-2.0) (Change)
Measures functional states in six domains (understanding and communicating, getting around, self care, getting along with people, life activities (work/school), and participation in society). Possible raw min and max scores are below. For all subscales and total score, data is presented as a computed score in a range from 0-100. This is calculated by taking the raw score for each subscale and total score, dividing it by number of possible points for the relevant questions, and multiplying it by 100. Lower scores are better. Understanding and Communicating: Min: 0, Max: 24 Getting Around: Min: 0, Max: 20 Self Care: Min: 0, Max: 16 Getting Along with People: Min: 0, Max: 20 Life Activities: Min: 0, Max: 16 Work-School: Min: 0, Max: 16 Participation: Min: 0, Max: 32 Total Aggregate: Min: 0, Max: 144
Time frame: Baseline, Post 12-Week Treatment, Post Treatment (24 week follow-up)
Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) (Change)
A 5-item measure of satisfaction with life. Min: 5, Max: 35 (higher scores are better)
Time frame: Baseline, Post 12-Week Treatment, Post Treatment (24 week follow-up)
Number of Participants Differing in Activity Engagement Over Time (Change)
Assesses engagement in school, work, and life activities. Participants self reported engagement in each category at each time point. Categories are not mutually exclusive, but rather indicate how many participants endorsed participating in each category at each time point. A scale is not used in this measure.
Time frame: Baseline, Post 12-Week Treatment, Post Treatment (24 week follow-up)
Barriers to Employment Success Inventory (BESI) (Change)
A measure of obstacles to employment in five areas (Personal/Financial, Emotional/Physical, Career Decision-Making and Planning, Job-Seeking Knowledge, and Training/Education). Min and max scores for all the subscales, and the total score, are below. For all, lower scores are better. Only total score analyzed, subscales not reported. Personal and Financial: Min: 10, Max: 40 Emotional and Physical: Min: 10, Max: 40 Career Decision-Making and Planning: Min: 10, Max: 40 Job-Seeking Knowledge: Min: 10, Max: 40 Training and Education: Min: 10, Max: 40 TOTAL score: Min: 50, Max: 200
Time frame: Baseline, Post 12-Week Treatment, Post Treatment (24 week follow-up)
Number of Participants Differing in Average Number of Hours Worked (Change)
Change in average number of hours worked per month over time. Participants self-reported average number of hours worked in the month before STEP-Home (baseline), in each month of the intervention/PCGT (measured at post-treatment), and post-treatment monitoring (follow-up). A scale is not used in this measure. Each row indicates the number of participants that worked the indicated number of hours at each time point. Rows are mutually exclusive.
Time frame: Baseline, Post 12-Week Treatment, Post Treatment (24 week follow-up)
Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe) (Change)
Measures apathy, disinhibition, and executive dysfunction. Min and max possible scores for subscales and total score are below. For all, lower scores are better. Total score calculated by adding the scores of all items. Subscale scores calculated by adding the scores of the items in each subscale. Apathy Min: 14, Max: 70 Disinhibition Min: 15, Max: 75 Executive Dysfunction Min: 17, Max: 85 Total Score Min: 46, Max: 230
Time frame: Baseline, Post 12-Week Treatment, Post Treatment (24 week follow-up)
Participants were recruited from VA clinical services, community partners (e.g., schools, Vet Centers, Veteran organizations), advertisements on social media (e.g., Facebook, Instagram), and the Veterans Affairs/Department of Defense Identity Repository.
| Milestone | STEP-Home | PCGT |
|---|---|---|
| Started | 100 | 95 |
| Completed | 53 | 57 |
| Not completed | 47 | 38 |
| Withdrew: Lost to follow-up | 3 | 1 |
| Withdrew: Physician decision | 1 | 4 |
| Withdrew: Did not start treatment | 18 | 16 |
| Withdrew: Withdrawal by subject | 25 | 17 |
| Milestone | STEP-Home | PCGT |
|---|---|---|
| Started | 53 | 57 |
| Completed | 44 | 45 |
| Not completed | 9 | 12 |
| Withdrew: Lost to follow-up | 9 | 12 |
A 16-item measure of post-deployment community reintegration in post-9/11 Veterans. Higher scores indicate greater reintegration and functional difficulties. Min: 0, Max: 64
| score on a scale | STEP-Home | PCGT |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 33.8 ± 13.2 | 34.7 ± 11.5 |
| Post-Intervention | 25.5 ± 15.3 | 27.1 ± 11.2 |
| Follow-Up | 24.4 ± 15.5 | 27.7 ± 11 |
A 36-item measure of readjustment in post-9/11 Veterans with six subscales (career challenges, social difficulties, intimate relationship problems, health concerns, concerns about deployment, and PTSD symptoms). Min and max scores for all the subscales, and the total score, are below. For all, lower scores are better. Total score is calculated by adding the value of all items in all subscales. Career: Min: 5, Max: 25 Health: Min: 5, Max: 25 Intimate Relationship: Min: 5, Max: 25 Social readjustment: Min: 7, Max: 35 Concerns about deployment: Min: 6, Max: 30 PTSD symptoms: Min: 8, Max: 40 TOTAL score: Min: 36, Max: 180
| score on a scale | STEP-Home | PCGT |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline Total Score | 117.1 ± 32.6 | 121.0 ± 26.9 |
| Post-Treatment Total Score | 107.8 ± 35.8 | 116.2 ± 27.4 |
| Follow-Up Total Score | 100.0 ± 37.9 | 111.1 ± 27.5 |
| Baseline Career Challenges | 15.5 ± 5.7 | 16.6 ± 4.5 |
| Post-Treatment Career Challenges | 13.9 ± 5.2 | 15.5 ± 4.7 |
| Follow-Up Career Challenges | 12.8 ± 5.8 | 14.8 ± 4.4 |
| Baseline Health Concerns | 17.0 ± 5.7 | 18.0 ± 4.7 |
| Post-Treatment Health Concerns | 15.7 ± 5.6 | 17.3 ± 4.9 |
| Follow-Up Health Concerns | 14.4 ± 5.7 | 17.4 ± 5.0 |
| Baseline Intimate Relationship Problems | 15.3 ± 5.6 | 16.0 ± 5.1 |
| Post-Treatment Intimate Relationship Problems | 14.2 ± 5.6 | 14.8 ± 4.6 |
| Follow-Up Intimate Relationship Problems | 13.3 ± 5.6 | 13.8 ± 4.5 |
| Baseline Social Readjustment | 23.5 ± 7.3 | 24.5 ± 5.9 |
| Post-Treatment Social Readjustment | 22.0 ± 7.5 | 23.8 ± 5.9 |
| Follow-Up Social Readjustment | 20.8 ± 8.1 | 21.8 ± 6.0 |
| Baseline Concerns About Deployment | 16.8 ± 6.2 | 17.5 ± 5.8 |
| Post-Treatment Concerns About Deployment | 15.8 ± 6.4 | 16.6 ± 5.3 |
| Follow-Up Concerns About Deployment | 14.5 ± 6.2 | 15.6 ± 5.5 |
| Baseline PTSD Symptoms | 28.3 ± 8.3 | 30.0 ± 6.6 |
| Post-Treatment PTSD Symptoms | 26.2 ± 9.0 | 28.1 ± 6.5 |
| Follow-Up PTSD Symptoms | 24.3 ± 9.4 | 27.7 ± 6.8 |
A 57-item widely used measure to assess state anger, trait anger, and anger expression with three subscales (state anger, trait anger, and anger expression). Min and max scores for the subscales, and the total score, are below. For all, lower scores are better. How I Feel Right Now (State Anger): Min: 10, Max: 40, Calculated by summing 15 items in scale How I Generally Feel (Trait Anger): Min: 10, Max: 40, Calculated by summing 15 items in scale When Angry or Furious (Anger expression index): Min: 24, Max: 96, Calculated by summing anger control scores for each item (12 items) and subtracting that from sum of anger expression scores for each item (12 items)
| score on a scale | STEP-Home | PCGT |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline State Anger | 25.8 ± 11.2 | 26.2 ± 9.2 |
| Baseline Trait Anger | 21.9 ± 6.7 | 21.6 ± 6.2 |
| Baseline Anger Index | 43.1 ± 14.4 | 42.0 ± 12.9 |
| Post-Treatment State Anger | 22.8 ± 9.0 | 21.4 ± 7.3 |
| Post-Treatment Trait Anger | 19.9 ± 7.1 | 20.6 ± 7.0 |
| Post-Treatment Anger Index | 40.2 ± 13.0 | 41.9 ± 14.7 |
| Follow-Up State Anger | 21.7 ± 10.0 | 21.9 ± 7.3 |
| Follow-Up Trait Anger | 19.3 ± 6.1 | 18.5 ± 6.7 |
| Follow-Up Anger Index | 37.7 ± 12.9 | 39.2 ± 14.5 |
Measure of everyday performance failures arising from brief failures of sustained attention. Min: 12, Max: 60 (lower scores are better)
| score on a scale | STEP-Home | PCGT |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 41.9 ± 12.4 | 42.7 ± 9.9 |
| Post-Treatment | 38.2 ± 12.7 | 39.6 ± 12.9 |
| Follow-Up | 37.7 ± 14.1 | 39.0 ± 11.7 |
Measure of problem solving confidence, approach-avoidance style, and personal control. Min and max scores for all the subscales, and the total score, are below. For all, lower scores are better. Total score calculated by adding the scores of all items. Problem-Solving Confidence: Min: 11, Max: 66 Approach-Avoidance Style: Min: 16, Max: 96 Personal Control: Min: 5, Max: 30 TOTAL score: Min: 32, Max: 192
| score on a scale | STEP-Home | PCGT |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline Total Score | 100.6 ± 21.9 | 102.6 ± 21.7 |
| Post-Treatment Total Score | 93.1 ± 22.0 | 94.1 ± 26.7 |
| Follow-Up Total Score | 94.3 ± 24.0 | 95.3 ± 24.2 |
| Baseline Problem Solving | 31.7 ± 8.5 | 31.5 ± 9.1 |
| Post-Treatment Problem Solving | 27.3 ± 9.0 | 31.5 ± 9.1 |
| Follow-Up Problem Solving | 28.2 ± 10.6 | 28.8 ± 9.6 |
| Baseline Approach Avoidance | 49.4 ± 13.4 | 51.8 ± 13.3 |
| Post-Treatment Approach Avoidance | 47.4 ± 11.2 | 47.6 ± 15.5 |
| Follow-Up Approach Avoidance | 47.2 ± 11.7 | 47.6 ± 14.2 |
| Baseline Personal Control | 20.3 ± 5.6 | 21.2 ± 4.8 |
| Post-Treatment Personal Control | 18.4 ± 4.8 | 18.6 ± 5.6 |
| Follow-Up Personal Control | 19.0 ± 5.0 | 19.0 ± 4.4 |
Measure to assess multiple aspects of emotion dysregulation. Min and max scores for all the subscales, and the total score, are below. For all, lower scores are better. Nonacceptance of emotional responses: Min: 6, Max: 30 Difficulty engaging in goal-directed behavior: Min: 6, Max: 25 Impulse control difficulties: Min: 6, Max: 30 Lack of emotional awareness: Min: 6, Max: 30 Limited access to emotion regulation strategies: Min: 8, Max: 40 Lack of emotional clarity: Min: 5, Max: 25 TOTAL score: Min: 36, Max: 180, Total score calculated by adding the scores of all items (reverse scoring awareness items).
| score on a scale | STEP-Home | PCGT |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline Total Score | 104.2 ± 26.0 | 106.9 ± 24.3 |
| Post-Treatment Total Score | 90.8 ± 26.1 | 97.6 ± 25.8 |
| Follow-Up Total Score | 89.2 ± 30.0 | 94.0 ± 26.4 |
| Baseline Non-Acceptance | 16.1 ± 7.4 | 18.0 ± 6.5 |
| Post-Treatment Non-Acceptance | 15.0 ± 6.6 | 16.2 ± 5.9 |
| Follow-Up Non-Acceptance | 14.7 ± 7.4 | 16.1 ± 7.4 |
| Baseline Goals | 17.4 ± 4.9 | 17.7 ± 5.4 |
| Post-Treatment Goals | 15.5 ± 5.6 | 16.6 ± 5.6 |
| Follow-Up Goals | 14.7 ± 6.1 | 15.9 ± 5.2 |
| Baseline Impulse | 15.3 ± 5.1 | 15.0 ± 6.3 |
| Post-Treatment Impulse | 13.1 ± 4.4 | 13.5 ± 5.7 |
| Follow-Up Impulse | 12.2 ± 5.0 | 12.5 ± 4.8 |
| Baseline Awareness | 17.2 ± 5.6 | 19.0 ± 4.9 |
| Post-Treatment Awareness | 16.2 ± 5.8 | 17.8 ± 5.7 |
| Follow-Up Awareness | 16.5 ± 6.5 | 17.4 ± 5.6 |
| Baseline Strategies | 23.3 ± 8.4 | 22.6 ± 7.4 |
| Post-Treatment Strategies | 19.0 ± 8.0 | 20.2 ± 7.4 |
| Follow-Up Strategies | 19.0 ± 8.5 | 19.5 ± 7.4 |
| Baseline Clarity | 13.7 ± 4.7 | 14.8 ± 3.5 |
| Post-Treatment Clarity | 12.0 ± 5.1 | 13.4 ± 4.0 |
| Follow-Up Clarity | 12.1 ± 4.7 | 13.0 ± 4.3 |
A 20-item measure of PTSD updated for DSM-5. Min: 0, Max: 80 (lower scores are better)
| score on a scale | STEP-Home | PCGT |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 43.5 ± 20.1 | 44.9 ± 17.7 |
| Post-Intervention | 36.3 ± 20.7 | 39.6 ± 19.4 |
| Follow-Up | 34.9 ± 21.6 | 41.0 ± 20.6 |
A 21-item measure of current depression, anxiety, and stress. Each subscale Min: 7, Max: 28 (lower scores are better)
| score on a scale | STEP-Home | PCGT |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline Anxiety | 15.4 ± 11.6 | 14.6 ± 10.0 |
| Baseline Depression | 18.7 ± 12.3 | 19.0 ± 10.5 |
| Baseline Stress | 20.7 ± 10.9 | 20.9 ± 9.0 |
| Post-Intervention Anxiety | 12.7 ± 11.2 | 12.8 ± 9.6 |
| Post-Intervention Depression | 16.0 ± 13.1 | 15.7 ± 10.6 |
| Post-Intervention Stress | 17.1 ± 11.6 | 18.9 ± 9.4 |
| Follow-Up Anxiety | 11.1 ± 10.6 | 12.8 ± 10.2 |
| Follow-Up Depression | 12.7 ± 11.4 | 16.3 ± 10.0 |
| Follow-Up Stress | 15.6 ± 10.4 | 18.8 ± 8.8 |
A 22-item measure of current post-concussive symptoms. Total score Min: 0, Max: 88 (lower scores are better), calculated by adding the scores of all of the subscales. Vestibular Min: 0, Max: 12 (3 items) Somatosensory Min: 0, Max: 20 (5 items) Affective Min: 0, Max: 24 (6 items) Cognitive Min: 0, Max: 32 (8 items)
| score on a scale | STEP-Home | PCGT |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline Total Score | 39.2 ± 19.7 | 39.0 ± 16.7 |
| Post-Intervention Total Score | 30.5 ± 19.5 | 35.0 ± 17.9 |
| Follow-Up Total Score | 27.9 ± 19.1 | 36.3 ± 17.4 |
| Baseline Vestibular | 3.3 ± 3.2 | 3.3 ± 2.9 |
| Post-Treatment Vestibular | 2.5 ± 2.6 | 3.3 ± 2.8 |
| Follow-Up Vestibular | 2.7 ± 2.9 | 4.2 ± 3.2 |
| Baseline Somatic | 8.1 ± 6.6 | 9.0 ± 5.5 |
| Post-Treatment Somatic | 6.6 ± 6.1 | 8.4 ± 5.6 |
| Follow-Up Somatic | 7.0 ± 6.3 | 9.2 ± 5.7 |
| Baseline Cognitive | 9.0 ± 4.0 | 9.4 ± 4.2 |
| Post-Treatment Cognitive | 7.6 ± 4.9 | 8.0 ± 4.8 |
| Follow-Up Cognitive | 6.6 ± 4.2 | 7.7 ± 4.2 |
| Baseline Affective | 14.2 ± 6.3 | 13.4 ± 5.3 |
| Post-Treatment Affective | 11.5 ± 6.8 | 12.3 ± 5.6 |
| Follow-Up Affective | 9.4 ± 6.1 | 12.2 ± 5.7 |
Measures functional states in six domains (understanding and communicating, getting around, self care, getting along with people, life activities (work/school), and participation in society). Possible raw min and max scores are below. For all subscales and total score, data is presented as a computed score in a range from 0-100. This is calculated by taking the raw score for each subscale and total score, dividing it by number of possible points for the relevant questions, and multiplying it by 100. Lower scores are better. Understanding and Communicating: Min: 0, Max: 24 Getting Around: Min: 0, Max: 20 Self Care: Min: 0, Max: 16 Getting Along with People: Min: 0, Max: 20 Life Activities: Min: 0, Max: 16 Work-School: Min: 0, Max: 16 Participation: Min: 0, Max: 32 Total Aggregate: Min: 0, Max: 144
| score on a scale | STEP-Home | PCGT |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline Total Score | 39.2 ± 20.7 | 38.3 ± 18.1 |
| Post-Treatment Total Score | 31.6 ± 22.7 | 33.5 ± 18.0 |
| Follow-Up Total Score | 31.0 ± 21.6 | 33.7 ± 19.0 |
| Baseline Communicating | 38.4 ± 22.0 | 41.1 ± 19.0 |
| Post-Treatment Communicating | 35.3 ± 24.6 | 36.5 ± 21.6 |
| Follow-Up Communicating | 31.3 ± 22.8 | 36.0 ± 20.6 |
| Baseline Getting Around | 27.6 ± 26.8 | 24.8 ± 24.9 |
| Post-Treatment Getting Around | 24.8 ± 24.9 | 26.4 ± 23.1 |
| Follow-Up Getting Around | 24.9 ± 25.1 | 27.8 ± 25.0 |
| Baseline Self-Care | 18.1 ± 22.7 | 18.4 ± 19.9 |
| Post-Treatment Self-Care | 14.6 ± 21.0 | 13.9 ± 17.7 |
| Follow-Up Self-Care | 13.8 ± 17.6 | 14.7 ± 18.9 |
| Baseline Getting Along | 42.8 ± 25.5 | 46.7 ± 21.7 |
| Post-Treatment Getting Along | 36.9 ± 27.8 | 40.4 ± 19.9 |
| Follow-Up Getting Along | 34.4 ± 27.3 | 41.0 ± 22.6 |
| Baseline Work/Activity | 39.8 ± 26.2 | 44.2 ± 24.4 |
| Post-Treatment Work/Activity | 34.9 ± 28.6 | 39.7 ± 27.8 |
| Follow-Up Work/Activity | 34.2 ± 26.4 | 37.2 ± 26.8 |
| Baseline Participation | 41.4 ± 26.7 | 42.4 ± 19.8 |
| Post-Treatment Participation | 35.9 ± 26.6 | 36.4 ± 21.3 |
| Follow-Up Participation | 38.3 ± 27.3 | 38.0 ± 21.0 |
A 5-item measure of satisfaction with life. Min: 5, Max: 35 (higher scores are better)
| score on a scale | STEP-Home | PCGT |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 15.1 ± 7.1 | 15.3 ± 7.5 |
| Post-Treatment | 18.0 ± 7.6 | 16.6 ± 7.7 |
| Follow-Up | 17.8 ± 8.9 | 17.7 ± 7.8 |
Assesses engagement in school, work, and life activities. Participants self reported engagement in each category at each time point. Categories are not mutually exclusive, but rather indicate how many participants endorsed participating in each category at each time point. A scale is not used in this measure.
| Participants | STEP-Home | PCGT |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline Work | 42 | 37 |
| Baseline School/Training Programs | 18 | 26 |
| Baseline Volunteer Activities | 15 | 19 |
| Baseline Veteran-Oriented Programs | 29 | 17 |
| Baseline Community Activities | 17 | 12 |
| Baseline Socializing | 50 | 46 |
| Post-Intervention Work | 22 | 20 |
| Post-Intervention School/Training Programs | 14 | 19 |
| Post-Intervention Volunteer Activities | 17 | 14 |
| Post-Intervention Veteran-Oriented Programs | 27 | 20 |
| Post-Intervention Community Activities | 12 | 13 |
| Post-Intervention Socializing | 34 | 37 |
| Follow-Up Work | 18 | 22 |
| Follow-Up School/Training Programs | 8 | 16 |
| Follow-Up Volunteer Activities | 11 | 11 |
| Follow-Up Veteran-Oriented Programs | 15 | 11 |
| Follow-Up Community Activities | 14 | 8 |
| Follow-Up Socializing | 26 | 25 |
A measure of obstacles to employment in five areas (Personal/Financial, Emotional/Physical, Career Decision-Making and Planning, Job-Seeking Knowledge, and Training/Education). Min and max scores for all the subscales, and the total score, are below. For all, lower scores are better. Only total score analyzed, subscales not reported. Personal and Financial: Min: 10, Max: 40 Emotional and Physical: Min: 10, Max: 40 Career Decision-Making and Planning: Min: 10, Max: 40 Job-Seeking Knowledge: Min: 10, Max: 40 Training and Education: Min: 10, Max: 40 TOTAL score: Min: 50, Max: 200
| score on a scale | STEP-Home | PCGT |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline Total Score | 103.5 ± 33.9 | 101.8 ± 32.9 |
| Post-Treatment Total Score | 90.7 ± 33.9 | 96.3 ± 32.1 |
| Follow-Up Total Score | 89.0 ± 35.9 | 88.3 ± 32.6 |
Change in average number of hours worked per month over time. Participants self-reported average number of hours worked in the month before STEP-Home (baseline), in each month of the intervention/PCGT (measured at post-treatment), and post-treatment monitoring (follow-up). A scale is not used in this measure. Each row indicates the number of participants that worked the indicated number of hours at each time point. Rows are mutually exclusive.
| Participants | STEP-Home | PCGT |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline <1 hour | 53 | 55 |
| Baseline 1-10 hours/week | 4 | 4 |
| Baseline 11-20 hours/week | 3 | 6 |
| Baseline 21-30 hours/week | 5 | 3 |
| Baseline 31-40 hours/week | 9 | 10 |
| Baseline >40 hours/week | 20 | 10 |
| Post-Intervention <1 hour/week | 33 | 37 |
| Post-Intervention 1-10 hours/week | 0 | 3 |
| Post-Intervention 11-20 hours/week | 0 | 4 |
| Post-Intervention 21-30 hours/week | 2 | 2 |
| Post-Intervention 31-40 hours/week | 5 | 6 |
| Post-Intervention >40 hours/week | 15 | 5 |
| Follow-Up <1 hour/week | 26 | 23 |
| Follow-Up 1-10 hours/week | 2 | 2 |
| Follow-Up 11-20 hours/week | 2 | 5 |
| Follow-Up 21-30 hours/week | 0 | 2 |
| Follow-Up 31-40 hours/week | 5 | 8 |
| Follow-Up >40 hours/week | 9 | 5 |
Measures apathy, disinhibition, and executive dysfunction. Min and max possible scores for subscales and total score are below. For all, lower scores are better. Total score calculated by adding the scores of all items. Subscale scores calculated by adding the scores of the items in each subscale. Apathy Min: 14, Max: 70 Disinhibition Min: 15, Max: 75 Executive Dysfunction Min: 17, Max: 85 Total Score Min: 46, Max: 230
| score on a scale | STEP-Home | PCGT |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline Total Score | 124.8 ± 25.9 | 124.9 ± 25.8 |
| Post-Treatment Total Score | 111.8 ± 25.6 | 111.9 ± 25.0 |
| Follow-Up Total Score | 109.2 ± 23.7 | 110.2 ± 26.1 |
| Baseline Apathy | 41.1 ± 9.8 | 43.2 ± 9.4 |
| Post-Treatment Apathy | 36.2 ± 9.8 | 38.3 ± 10.2 |
| Follow-Up Apathy | 35.8 ± 8.8 | 41.8 ± 9.3 |
| Baseline Disinhibition | 37.6 ± 10.4 | 37.0 ± 8.4 |
| Post-Treatment Disinhibition | 33.2 ± 9.6 | 31.8 ± 9.6 |
| Follow-Up Disinhibition | 32.3 ± 9.6 | 31.1 ± 10.3 |
| Baseline Executive Dysfunction | 45.6 ± 9.0 | 46.5 ± 8.1 |
| Post-Treatment Executive Dysfunction | 42.4 ± 8.7 | 41.8 ± 9.3 |
| Follow-Up Executive Dysfunction | 41.1 ± 7.8 | 41.8 ± 9.3 |
Collected over Baseline, post-intervention (12 weeks), follow-up (24 weeks). Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.
| Group | Deaths | Serious | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| STEP-Home | 0/100 (0%) | 0/100 (0%) | 0/100 (0%) |
| PCGT | 0/95 (0%) | 0/95 (0%) | 0/95 (0%) |
Only participants with available baseline data are included in baseline demographic analyses
| Age, Continuous(Years) | STEP-Home | PCGT | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 38.2 ± 10.3 | 39.8 ± 10.5 | 39.1 ± 10.4 |
| Sex: Female, Male(Participants) | STEP-Home | PCGT | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 25 | 20 | 45 |
| Male | 68 | 71 | 139 |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized(Participants) | STEP-Home | PCGT | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| White | 62 | 60 | 122 |
| Black | 19 | 21 | 40 |
| Asian | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| American Indian/Alaskan Native | 4 | 4 | 8 |
| Other | 15 | 7 | 22 |
| Hispanic | 23 | 22 | 45 |
| Branch of Service(Participants) | STEP-Home | PCGT | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Army | 55 | 43 | 98 |
| Navy | 10 | 12 | 22 |
| Air Force | 5 | 9 | 14 |
| Marines | 11 | 10 | 21 |
| Coast Guard | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| Missing Data | 6 | 9 | 15 |
| Multiple Branches | 3 | 8 | 11 |
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Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic→
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