ClinicalTrials.gg
CompletedNCT03326206Updated May 27, 2026Results posted

Evaluating the Navajo Community Outreach and Patient Empowerment (COPE) Program

An observational study in Diabetes Mellitus, Metabolic Syndrome and Hypertension, sponsored by Brigham and Women's Hospital. Completed at 6 sites in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years and older. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-05-27.

Sponsored by Brigham and Women's Hospital · Observational

Study type
Observational
Model
Case-control
Time perspective
Prospective
Enrollment
28,813
Ages
18 Years and older
Sex
All
01

Where this study stands

Counted across the records on this site · 2026-11-12

Among 47 studies in Diabetes Mellitus by Brigham and Women's Hospital — 2 open to participants now, 3 under way, none of them phase 3. Diabetes Mellitus · Brigham and Women's Hospital.

Enrollment
10th of 16
28,813 · median 75,810
Started
2013
with 5 others
Observational
17 of 47
none open now
Registered
28th of 47
by date

Among the 47 studies in Diabetes Mellitus by Brigham and Women's Hospital, this one is the 10th largest by enrollment of the 16 observational ones that give a count, is one of 6 that started in 2013, is one of 17 observational ones, and was the 28th registered.

Diabetes Mellitus

8,290 studies on the registry are indexed under Diabetes Mellitus; 1,077 are open to participants now.

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Open to participants now

2 of the 47 studies in Diabetes Mellitus by Brigham and Women's Hospital are open now, in 1 country. Recruiting first, the newest first:

By country, each count listing its studies:

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Where they have run

Who these studies take

Of the 651 Diabetes Mellitus studies recruiting now, 357 (55%) set no upper age limit and 198 (30%) stop at 75 or younger; 87 take children under 18; 183 take healthy volunteers.

This study: 18 Years and older · all sexes · no healthy volunteers.

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02

Study summary

Since 2009, a programmatic community-based strategy (COPE) has been implemented to address health disparities among Navajo individuals living with multiple chronic conditions. COPE (Community Outreach and Patient Empowerment) targets individual, family, and health system-level factors through four activities: 1) coordination between community health representatives (CHRs) and Indian Health Service providers; 2) CHR competency with standardized training; 3) a culturally-sensitive health promotion curriculum for patients and families; and 4) strong CHR supervision.

COPE has been implemented throughout Navajo Nation. Enrollment is programmatic; in other words, the decision to enroll a patient in COPE occurs independently of whether the patient is in this study. Participants receive the COPE intervention in the same manner and intensity, whether they are included in this observational study or not.

The main goal of this observational research is to understand if COPE improves the lives of participating community members. The Primary Aim is to assess the impact of the COPE Project on changes in HbA1c and other CVD risk factors. Hypothesis: Patients enrolled in the COPE program will experience a reduction in HbA1c compared to the control group. Secondary aims are: 1) To understand if COPE improves patients' own self-reported outcomes. Hypothesis: COPE patients will report better health compared with their own baseline at 12 months. 2) To Identify factors associated with increased effectiveness of the COPE Project at the individual, community, and health system level using a mixed-model approach. 3) To understand diverse stakeholder perspectives on COPE impact and value among CHRs, providers and the health care system. Hypothesis: Compared with baseline, CHRs will report greater empowerment in their work, providers will report greater confidence in CHRs.

The observational cohort will be comprised of individuals with diabetes receiving care at one of the participating health facilities. Cases include individuals participating in the COPE intervention; controls are non-COPE participants identified within the same hospital and matched based on similar baseline characteristics. Study findings will improve clinical and patient-decision making and the health of marginalized AI/ANs by informing policies to promote CHR interventions in rural and underserved communities.

Read the detailed description

Study population: The study will take place on the Navajo Reservation and within Navajo Area IHS clinical facilities. The Navajo Reservation covers over 27,000 square miles in rural New Mexico and Arizona. The proposed evaluation will occur at the six sites, including two which are currently implementing COPE as well as four sites which will implement COPE in the next two years. The health care centers included in this evaluation represent a mix of federally and tribally operated programs and together provide care for over 200,000 individuals. All sites use a common suite of software applications to record electronic health care data: the IHS RPMS (Resource Patient Management System).

Study Design: The research is aligned with PCORI's definition of patient-centered research by answering questions that will allow patients and other stakeholders to make informed health care decisions. This will be completed by incorporating patient input at all stages; comparatively assessing the benefits and weaknesses of COPE; capturing the "voice" of stakeholders through qualitative methods; choosing outcomes that have been cited as relevant to patients' own priorities and decision-making; and studying cross-site variation to capture individual and community factors associated with impact. The study will address the following questions:

  1. Do clinical outcomes (hemoglobin A1c, blood pressure, cholesterol, and body mass index) improve more among COPE participants, compared with similar patients who do not participate in COPE?
  2. Do COPE patients experience improvements in self-rated overall health, quality of life, empowerment and satisfaction compared with similar patients who do not participate in COPE?
  3. As COPE is implemented in six different service units across the Navajo Nation, can we identify any factors among patients, CHRs, and hospitals that are "key ingredients" for COPE to be effective?
  4. Does COPE benefit the health system and population served from diverse stakeholder perspectives including CHRs, providers, and the local health care delivery system?
03

Conditions studied

  • Diabetes Mellitus
  • Metabolic Syndrome
  • Hypertension
  • Chronic Disease

Keywords

  • Navajo
  • Community Health Workers
  • Community Health Representatives
  • Tribal health systems
  • American Indian
  • Rural
  • Health disparities
04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years and older
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
No
Sampling method
Non-probability sample

Study population

Individuals receiving care at a Navajo Area Indian Health Service facility, living with diabetes

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

  • Diagnosis of diabetes
  • Treated at a participating IHS facility corresponding to their home residence

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Not seen in one of the six participating clinical sites
05

Study design

Observational model
Case-control
Time perspective
Prospective
Enrollment
28,813 participants (actual)
Patient registry
No

Groups and cohorts

  • COPE participants

    Individuals living with diabetes seen at a study site who were enrolled in the COPE programmatic intervention during the study period. Participation in COPE consists of receiving home visits by a Navajo Community Health Representative (CHR) once or twice a month for a period of at least 12 months. CHRs use structured patient coaching materials to support behavior change. CHRs also check vital signs, monitor blood glucose levels through finger sticks, and facilitate access to appointments and medical refills. CHRs communicate regularly with providers through electronic health record documentation and case management rounds. In-person or telephone communication is be used to address acute issues that may arise.

  • Non-COPE participants

    Individuals living with diabetes seen at a study site, did not participate in the COPE programmatic intervention, and had comparable baseline characteristics.

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Change in Percentage of Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)

    Change in Hemoglobin A1c measured at 24 months, compared with baseline

    Time frame: 24 months

Secondary outcomes

  1. Change in Systolic Blood Pressure

    Changes in systolic blood pressure at 24 months, compared with baseline

    Time frame: 24 months

  2. Change in Low-density Lipoprotein

    Change in low density lipoprotein at 24 months, compared with baseline

    Time frame: 24 months

  3. Change in Body Mass Index

    change in body mass index at 24 months, compared with baseline

    Time frame: 24 months

  4. Change in Primary Outpatient Services

    Primary outpatient encounters are identified using the Resource Patient Management System (RPMS) clinic variable. It is notable that the clinic variable includes types of health utilization that are not limited to clinic visits, e.g. inpatient, emergency primary, specialty, dental, counseling/behavioral care. Each clinic visit reported in RPMS is counted as one utilization incident for the purposes of this analysis.

    Time frame: 24 months

  5. Change in Specialty Outpatient Services

    Specialty outpatient encounters are identified using the Resource Patient Management System (RPMS) clinic variable. It is notable that the clinic variable includes types of health utilization that are not limited to clinic visits, e.g. inpatient, emergency primary, specialty, dental, counseling/behavioral care. Each clinic visit reported in RPMS is counted as one utilization incident for the purposes of this analysis.

    Time frame: 24 months

  6. Change in Emergency Services

    Emergency encounters are identified using the Resource Patient Management System (RPMS) clinic variable. It is notable that the clinic variable includes types of health utilization that are not limited to clinic visits, e.g. inpatient, emergency primary, specialty, dental, counseling/behavioral care. Each clinic visit reported in RPMS is counted as one utilization incident for the purposes of this analysis.

    Time frame: 24 months

  7. Change in Counseling / Behavioral Services

    Counseling / behavioral encounters are identified using the Resource Patient Management System (RPMS) clinic variable. It is notable that the clinic variable includes types of health utilization that are not limited to clinic visits, e.g. inpatient, emergency primary, specialty, dental, counseling/behavioral care. Each "clinic visit" reported in RPMS is counted as one utilization incident for the purposes of this analysis.

    Time frame: 24 months

  8. Change in Laboratory Services

    Laboratory encounters are identified using the Resource Patient Management System (RPMS) clinic variable. It is notable that the clinic variable includes types of health utilization that are not limited to clinic visits, e.g. inpatient, emergency primary, specialty, dental, counseling/behavioral care. Each "clinic visit" reported in RPMS is counted as one utilization incident for the purposes of this analysis.

    Time frame: 24 months

  9. Change in Radiology Services

    Radiology encounters are identified using the Resource Patient Management System (RPMS) clinic variable. It is notable that the clinic variable includes types of health utilization that are not limited to clinic visits, e.g. inpatient, emergency primary, specialty, dental, counseling/behavioral care. Each "clinic visit" reported in RPMS is counted as one utilization incident for the purposes of this analysis.

    Time frame: 24 months

  10. Change in Pharmacy Services

    Pharmacy encounters are identified using the Resource Patient Management System (RPMS) clinic variable. It is notable that the clinic variable includes types of health utilization that are not limited to clinic visits, e.g. inpatient, emergency primary, specialty, dental, counseling/behavioral care. Each "clinic visit" reported in RPMS is counted as one utilization incident for the purposes of this analysis.

    Time frame: 24 months

  11. Change in Inpatient Services

    For inpatient services, the primary data point is the presence of a DRG code indicating the patient was hospitalized. However, we also included clinic listings for labor and delivery and for observation as inpatient utilization.

    Time frame: 24 months

  12. Change in Dental Encounters

    Dental encounters are identified using the Resource Patient Management System (RPMS) clinic variable. It is notable that the clinic variable includes types of health utilization that are not limited to clinic visits, e.g. inpatient, emergency primary, specialty, dental, counseling/behavioral care. Each clinic visit reported in RPMS is counted as one utilization incident for the purposes of this analysis.

    Time frame: 24 months

  13. Change in Community Encounters

    Community encounters are identified using the Resource Patient Management System (RPMS) clinic variable. Community Encounters may include public health nursing and community health representative visits; however, not all community encounters (e.g. visits by Community Health Representatives in clinics where Community Health Representatives do not document their visits on the RPMS system) may be represented in this database

    Time frame: 24 months

Other outcomes

  1. Patient-reported Good Health

    Health status is assessed by three questions using a 5-point scale response to the General Health question from the Short Form 12 survey: "Would you say that in general your health is…" "Compared to your health a year ago, would you say your health is" and "Compared to other people your age, would you say your health is" (Excellent=5, Very Good=4, Good=3, Fair=2, Poor=1), where higher values are more favorable. Binary outcome of Good Health includes "Excellent," "Very good" and "Good" as yes, other responses as no.

    Time frame: 12 months

  2. Patient-reported Sense of Control

    Sense of control is assessed using a 4-point scale response to the question "Do you feel you are in control of your health?" (Always Never=1, Rarely=2, Sometimes=3, Almost Always=4) with a higher value representing a favorable outcome. Binary outcome derived by including "Almost Always" in "Yes" and "Always never," "Rarely" and "Sometimes" in "No"

    Time frame: 12 months

  3. Patient-reported Ability to Cope

    Coping will be assessed using a 4-point scale response to two questions "how often have you found that you couldn't cope with all the things that you had to do to?" (Always Never=4, Rarely=3, Sometimes=2, Almost Always=1) and "In the last month, how often have you been upset because of something that happened unexpectedly?" (Always Never=4, Rarely=3, Sometimes=2, Almost Always=1) with a higher value representing a favorable outcome. Binary variables derived by grouping "Always never" and "Rarely" as "Yes" and all others responses as "No"

    Time frame: 12 months

07

Results

Posted Dec 16, 2025
Limitations and caveats
This is an observational study using routine clinical data for endpoints other than patient-reported outcomes. Therefore, the participant flow and adverse event reporting did not conform to clinical trial protocols. For patient-reported outcomes, we used mixed methods (including pre-post surveys among a sub-set of COPE participants and qualitative interviews) but did not collect or compare data from a control arm.

Participant flow

COPE participants are recruited to the program as part of routine care. Providers and CHRs identify individuals with uncontrolled chronic diseases, and invite them to participate in the program. Recruitment is programmatic, and not under research auspices.

Overall Study - 24 months
Participant flow — Overall Study - 24 months
MilestoneCOPE ParticipantsNon-COPE Participants
Started1732880
Completed1732880
Not completed00
12 months
Participant flow — 12 months
MilestoneCOPE ParticipantsNon-COPE Participants
Started1732880
Completed1732880
Not completed00

Outcome measures

PrimaryChange in Percentage of Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)

Change in Hemoglobin A1c measured at 24 months, compared with baseline

Time frame:
24 months
Reported as:
Least squares mean · percent
Change in Percentage of Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)
percentCOPE ParticipantsNon-COPE Participants
Change in Percentage of Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)-0.49 (-0.62 to -0.37)0.13 (0.10 to 0.17)
Statistical analysis
  • COPE Participants vs Non-COPE Participants · Regression, Linear · p = <0.0001 (A priori threshold for statistical significance \< 0.05)Mixed linear regression
SecondaryChange in Systolic Blood Pressure

Changes in systolic blood pressure at 24 months, compared with baseline

Time frame:
24 months
Reported as:
Mean · mmHg
Change in Systolic Blood Pressure
mmHgCOPE ParticipantsNon-COPE Participants
Change in Systolic Blood Pressure1.43 (0.67 to 2.18)0.28 (0.06 to 0.50)
Statistical analysis
  • COPE Participants vs Non-COPE Participants · Regression, Linear · p = 0.004 (a priori threshold for significance p\<0.05)Mixed linear regression as described in primary endpoint
SecondaryChange in Low-density Lipoprotein

Change in low density lipoprotein at 24 months, compared with baseline

Time frame:
24 months
Reported as:
Mean · mg/dl
Change in Low-density Lipoprotein
mg/dlCOPE ParticipantsNon-COPE Participants
Change in Low-density Lipoprotein-8.04 (-11.88 to -4.20)-3.21 (-4.17 to -2.24)
Statistical analysis
  • COPE Participants vs Non-COPE Participants · Regression, Linear · p = 0.02 (a priori threshold for significant p\<0.05)Mixed linear regression as described in primary endpoint
SecondaryChange in Body Mass Index

change in body mass index at 24 months, compared with baseline

Time frame:
24 months
Reported as:
Mean · kg/m^2
Change in Body Mass Index
kg/m^2COPE ParticipantsNon-COPE Participants
Change in Body Mass Index-0.25 (-0.51 to 0.01)-0.26 (-0.34 to -0.18)
Statistical analysis
  • COPE Participants vs Non-COPE Participants · Regression, Linear · p = 0.93 (a priori threshold for significance p\<0.05)Mixed linear regression model as described for primary endpoint
SecondaryChange in Primary Outpatient Services

Primary outpatient encounters are identified using the Resource Patient Management System (RPMS) clinic variable. It is notable that the clinic variable includes types of health utilization that are not limited to clinic visits, e.g. inpatient, emergency primary, specialty, dental, counseling/behavioral care. Each clinic visit reported in RPMS is counted as one utilization incident for the purposes of this analysis.

Time frame:
24 months
Reported as:
Least squares mean · number of visits per quarter post enroll
Change in Primary Outpatient Services
number of visits per quarter post enrollCOPE ParticipantsNon-COPE Participants
Change in Primary Outpatient Services1.0750 (0.9618 to 1.2016)0.9224 (0.8952 to 0.9505)
Statistical analysis
  • COPE Participants vs Non-COPE Participants · Regression, Linear · p = 0.0091 (Primary result is coefficient on post intervention change in visits by COPE pts relative to controls: if significant and \>0, COPE visits have increased relative to controls; if significant and \<0, COPE visits have decreased relative to controls.)
SecondaryChange in Specialty Outpatient Services

Specialty outpatient encounters are identified using the Resource Patient Management System (RPMS) clinic variable. It is notable that the clinic variable includes types of health utilization that are not limited to clinic visits, e.g. inpatient, emergency primary, specialty, dental, counseling/behavioral care. Each clinic visit reported in RPMS is counted as one utilization incident for the purposes of this analysis.

Time frame:
24 months
Reported as:
Least squares mean · number of visits per quarter post enroll
Change in Specialty Outpatient Services
number of visits per quarter post enrollCOPE ParticipantsNon-COPE Participants
Change in Specialty Outpatient Services0.8856 (0.7720 to 1.0160)0.6838 (0.6610 to 0.7074)
Statistical analysis
  • COPE Participants vs Non-COPE Participants · Regression, Linear · p = 0.0003
SecondaryChange in Emergency Services

Emergency encounters are identified using the Resource Patient Management System (RPMS) clinic variable. It is notable that the clinic variable includes types of health utilization that are not limited to clinic visits, e.g. inpatient, emergency primary, specialty, dental, counseling/behavioral care. Each clinic visit reported in RPMS is counted as one utilization incident for the purposes of this analysis.

Time frame:
24 months
Reported as:
Least squares mean · number of visits per quarter post enroll
Change in Emergency Services
number of visits per quarter post enrollCOPE ParticipantsNon-COPE Participants
Change in Emergency Services0.2755 (0.2306 to 0.3290)0.2559 (0.2448 to 0.2674)
Statistical analysis
  • COPE Participants vs Non-COPE Participants · Regression, Linear · p = 0.4296
SecondaryChange in Counseling / Behavioral Services

Counseling / behavioral encounters are identified using the Resource Patient Management System (RPMS) clinic variable. It is notable that the clinic variable includes types of health utilization that are not limited to clinic visits, e.g. inpatient, emergency primary, specialty, dental, counseling/behavioral care. Each "clinic visit" reported in RPMS is counted as one utilization incident for the purposes of this analysis.

Time frame:
24 months
Reported as:
Least squares mean · number of visits per quarter post enroll
Change in Counseling / Behavioral Services
number of visits per quarter post enrollCOPE ParticipantsNon-COPE Participants
Change in Counseling / Behavioral Services0.2590 (0.2164 to 0.3101)0.1432 (0.1363 to 0.1504)
Statistical analysis
  • COPE Participants vs Non-COPE Participants · Regression, Linear · p = <0.0001
SecondaryChange in Laboratory Services

Laboratory encounters are identified using the Resource Patient Management System (RPMS) clinic variable. It is notable that the clinic variable includes types of health utilization that are not limited to clinic visits, e.g. inpatient, emergency primary, specialty, dental, counseling/behavioral care. Each "clinic visit" reported in RPMS is counted as one utilization incident for the purposes of this analysis.

Time frame:
24 months
Reported as:
Least squares mean · number of visits per quarter post enroll
Change in Laboratory Services
number of visits per quarter post enrollCOPE ParticipantsNon-COPE Participants
Change in Laboratory Services0.3510 (0.2838 to 0.4341)0.2798 (0.2650 to 0.2955)
Statistical analysis
  • COPE Participants vs Non-COPE Participants · Regression, Linear · p = 0.0431
SecondaryChange in Radiology Services

Radiology encounters are identified using the Resource Patient Management System (RPMS) clinic variable. It is notable that the clinic variable includes types of health utilization that are not limited to clinic visits, e.g. inpatient, emergency primary, specialty, dental, counseling/behavioral care. Each "clinic visit" reported in RPMS is counted as one utilization incident for the purposes of this analysis.

Time frame:
24 months
Reported as:
Least squares mean · encounters per patient per quarter
Change in Radiology Services
encounters per patient per quarterCOPE ParticipantsNon-COPE Participants
Change in Radiology Services0.0304 (0.0222 to 0.0416)0.0220 (0.0202 to 0.0240)
Statistical analysis
  • COPE Participants vs Non-COPE Participants · Regression, Linear · p = 0.0516
SecondaryChange in Pharmacy Services

Pharmacy encounters are identified using the Resource Patient Management System (RPMS) clinic variable. It is notable that the clinic variable includes types of health utilization that are not limited to clinic visits, e.g. inpatient, emergency primary, specialty, dental, counseling/behavioral care. Each "clinic visit" reported in RPMS is counted as one utilization incident for the purposes of this analysis.

Time frame:
24 months
Reported as:
Least squares mean · number of visits per quarter post enroll
Change in Pharmacy Services
number of visits per quarter post enrollCOPE ParticipantsNon-COPE Participants
Change in Pharmacy Services0.5477 (0.4816 to 0.6229)0.5146 (0.4977 to 0.5321)
Statistical analysis
  • COPE Participants vs Non-COPE Participants · Regression, Linear · p = 0.3582
SecondaryChange in Inpatient Services

For inpatient services, the primary data point is the presence of a DRG code indicating the patient was hospitalized. However, we also included clinic listings for labor and delivery and for observation as inpatient utilization.

Time frame:
24 months
Reported as:
Least squares mean · number of visits per quarter post enroll
Change in Inpatient Services
number of visits per quarter post enrollCOPE ParticipantsNon-COPE Participants
Change in Inpatient Services0.1869 (0.1436 to 0.2433)0.1592 (0.1491 to 0.1699)
Statistical analysis
  • COPE Participants vs Non-COPE Participants · Regression, Linear · p = 0.2461
SecondaryChange in Dental Encounters

Dental encounters are identified using the Resource Patient Management System (RPMS) clinic variable. It is notable that the clinic variable includes types of health utilization that are not limited to clinic visits, e.g. inpatient, emergency primary, specialty, dental, counseling/behavioral care. Each clinic visit reported in RPMS is counted as one utilization incident for the purposes of this analysis.

Time frame:
24 months
Reported as:
Least squares mean · number of visits per quarter post enroll
Change in Dental Encounters
number of visits per quarter post enrollCOPE ParticipantsNon-COPE Participants
Change in Dental Encounters0.1119 (0.0875 to 0.1429)0.1422 (0.1344 to 0.1505)
Statistical analysis
  • COPE Participants vs Non-COPE Participants · Regression, Linear · p = 0.0613
SecondaryChange in Community Encounters

Community encounters are identified using the Resource Patient Management System (RPMS) clinic variable. Community Encounters may include public health nursing and community health representative visits; however, not all community encounters (e.g. visits by Community Health Representatives in clinics where Community Health Representatives do not document their visits on the RPMS system) may be represented in this database

Time frame:
24 months
Reported as:
Least squares mean · number of visits per quarter post enroll
Change in Community Encounters
number of visits per quarter post enrollCOPE ParticipantsNon-COPE Participants
Change in Community Encounters0.1160 (0.0900 to 0.1497)0.0189 (0.0171 to 0.0207)
Statistical analysis
  • COPE Participants vs Non-COPE Participants · Regression, Linear · p = <0.0001
Other pre-specifiedPatient-reported Good Health

Health status is assessed by three questions using a 5-point scale response to the General Health question from the Short Form 12 survey: "Would you say that in general your health is…" "Compared to your health a year ago, would you say your health is" and "Compared to other people your age, would you say your health is" (Excellent=5, Very Good=4, Good=3, Fair=2, Poor=1), where higher values are more favorable. Binary outcome of Good Health includes "Excellent," "Very good" and "Good" as yes, other responses as no.

Time frame:
12 months
Reported as:
Count of participants · Participants
Patient-reported Good Health
ParticipantsCOPE Participants - BaselineCOPE Participants - 12 Months
Good health — Yes1512
Good health — No710
Good health compared to a year ago — Yes1318
Good health compared to a year ago — No94
Good health compared to other people your age — Yes1318
Good health compared to other people your age — No94
Statistical analysis
  • COPE Participants - Baseline vs COPE Participants - 12 Months · Fisher Exact · p = 0.54
Other pre-specifiedPatient-reported Sense of Control

Sense of control is assessed using a 4-point scale response to the question "Do you feel you are in control of your health?" (Always Never=1, Rarely=2, Sometimes=3, Almost Always=4) with a higher value representing a favorable outcome. Binary outcome derived by including "Almost Always" in "Yes" and "Always never," "Rarely" and "Sometimes" in "No"

Time frame:
12 months
Reported as:
Count of participants · Participants
Patient-reported Sense of Control
ParticipantsCOPE Participants - BaselineCOPE Participants - 12 Months
Yes710
No1512
Statistical analysis
  • COPE Participants - Baseline vs COPE Participants - 12 Months · Chi-squared · p = 0.19 (P-value corresponds to patient-reported health compared to a year ago and compared to others their age)
Other pre-specifiedPatient-reported Ability to Cope

Coping will be assessed using a 4-point scale response to two questions "how often have you found that you couldn't cope with all the things that you had to do to?" (Always Never=4, Rarely=3, Sometimes=2, Almost Always=1) and "In the last month, how often have you been upset because of something that happened unexpectedly?" (Always Never=4, Rarely=3, Sometimes=2, Almost Always=1) with a higher value representing a favorable outcome. Binary variables derived by grouping "Always never" and "Rarely" as "Yes" and all others responses as "No"

Time frame:
12 months
Reported as:
Count of participants · Participants
Patient-reported Ability to Cope
ParticipantsCOPE Participants - BaselineCOPE Participants - 12 Months
Able to cope with all the things you had to do — Yes614
Able to cope with all the things you had to do — No168
Able to cope with unexpected negative events — Yes212
Able to cope with unexpected negative events — No2010
Statistical analysis
  • COPE Participants - Baseline vs COPE Participants - 12 Months · Fisher Exact · p = 0.0028 (P value corresponds with Ability to cope with negative life events)

Adverse events

Collected over 24 months. Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.

Adverse event summary by group
GroupDeathsSeriousOther
COPE Participants8/173 (4.6%)2/173 (1.2%)54/173 (31.2%)
Non-COPE Participants92/2,885 (3.2%)3/2,885 (0.1%)493/2,885 (17.1%)
Most frequent serious events
Most frequent serious events
EventCOPE ParticipantsNon-COPE Participants
Incident CVDCardiac disorders2/1733/2885
Most frequent other events
Most frequent other events
EventCOPE ParticipantsNon-COPE Participants
Inpatient hospitalizationEndocrine disorders54/173493/2885

Baseline characteristics

The numbers for results differ from those of participant flow because the n for each baseline characteristic depended on data available from health record abstractions.

Age, Customized
Age, Customized(Participants)COPE ParticipantsNon-COPE ParticipantsTotal
18-24 years old000
25-40 years old74653
41-55 years old33610643
56-70 years old7414361510
71-85 years old54764818
> 85 years old52429
Sex: Female, Male
Sex: Female, Male(Participants)COPE ParticipantsNon-COPE ParticipantsTotal
Female10819792087
Male65901966
Race/Ethnicity, Customized
Race/Ethnicity, Customized(Participants)COPE ParticipantsNon-COPE ParticipantsTotal
American Indian / Alaska Native17328803053
Other000
Region of Enrollment
Region of Enrollment(Participants)COPE ParticipantsNon-COPE ParticipantsTotal
United States — Navajo Area Indian Health Services17328803053
United States — Other000
Preferred language
Preferred language(Participants)COPE ParticipantsNon-COPE ParticipantsTotal
Navajo or other Native American language10011781278
English7217001772
Primary Care Physician
Primary Care Physician(Participants)COPE ParticipantsNon-COPE ParticipantsTotal
Primary Care Provider assigned14625772723
No Primary Care Provider assigned27303330
Essential hypertension
Essential hypertension(Participants)COPE ParticipantsNon-COPE ParticipantsTotal
Yes11319662079
No60909969
Major Depressive Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder(Participants)COPE ParticipantsNon-COPE ParticipantsTotal
Yes25282307
No14825932741

3 further baseline measures are reported on the registry.

08

Study locations

6 sites
  • Chinle Comprehensive Health Care Facility
    Chinle, Arizona 86503, United States
  • Tsehootsooi Medical Center
    Fort Defiance, Arizona 86504, United States
  • Kayenta Health Center
    Kayenta, Arizona 86033, United States
  • Crownpoint Health Center Facility
    Crownpoint, New Mexico 87313, United States
  • Gallup Indian Medical Center
    Gallup, New Mexico 87301, United States
  • Northern Navajo Medical Center
    Shiprock, New Mexico 87420, United States
09

References and documents

Publications

  • Franz C, Atwood S, Orav EJ, Curley C, Brown C, Trevisi L, Nelson AK, Begay MG, Shin S. Community-based outreach associated with increased health utilization among Navajo individuals living with diabetes: a matched cohort study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020 May 25;20(1):460. doi: 10.1186/s12913-020-05231-4. PubMed 32450874 ↗
  • Brown C, Lalla A, Curley C, King C, Muskett O, Salt S, Ray K, Begay MG, Nelson AK, Shin S. Community-clinic linkages: qualitative provider perspectives on partnering with community health representatives in Navajo Nation. BMJ Open. 2020 Feb 12;10(2):e031794. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031794. PubMed 32054623 ↗
  • Lalla A, Salt S, Schrier E, Brown C, Curley C, Muskett O, Begay MG, Shirley L, Clark C, Singer J, Shin S, Nelson AK. Qualitative evaluation of a community health representative program on patient experiences in Navajo Nation. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020 Jan 8;20(1):24. doi: 10.1186/s12913-019-4839-x. PubMed 31914997 ↗
  • Trevisi L, Orav JE, Atwood S, Brown C, Curley C, King C, Muskett O, Sehn H, Nelson KA, Begay MG, Shin SS. Integrating community health representatives with health care systems: clinical outcomes among individuals with diabetes in Navajo Nation. Int J Equity Health. 2019 Nov 27;18(1):183. doi: 10.1186/s12939-019-1097-9. PubMed 31771603 ↗

Individual participant data

Plan to share: No

10

Timeline

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
ElapsedEstimatedEstimated, not yet reachedSimilar studies: half by the dot; the band is the middle halfHalf of similar studies reached it by the dot; the band is the middle half, from a quarter to three quarters

Ran from Nov 2013 to primary completion in Dec 2015, 25 months.

Results were first posted in Dec 2025, 9 years 11 months after primary completion.

Of 533 non-industry observational studies under Diabetes Mellitus, half reached primary completion within 42 months of starting (the median), counting those still running; a quarter within 16 and three quarters within 175. This study's 25 months is below that.

Counting every sponsor, half of 642 studies reached it within 36 months; a quarter within 14 and three quarters within 122.

How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.

Registered
Oct 24, 2017
First posted
Oct 31, 2017
StartActual
Nov 1, 2013
Primary completionActual
Dec 31, 2015
CompletionActual
Dec 31, 2015
Results first posted
Dec 16, 2025
Last update
May 27, 2026
What these dates mean
Start.
When the first participant enrolled; while estimated, when the study expects to open to recruitment.
Primary completion.
When the last participant was examined or treated to collect data for the study's main question, its primary outcome. A study that stopped early gives the date its data collection stopped.
Completion.
When the last participant's last visit took place, for every outcome, secondary ones and side effects included: the end of the study. Often later than primary completion, sometimes the same day.
Actual and Est.
Actual means the registry says the date has happened. Est. (estimated) is a date the sponsor plans or expects. It can still move, and the sponsor is expected to change it to actual once it has passed.
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on May 27, 2026, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
11

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT03326206
Collaborators
Eastern Research Group
Responsible party
Sonya Sunhi Shin (Associate Physician, Brigham and Women's Hospital) — Principal investigator
First posted
Oct 31, 2017
Start date
Nov 1, 2013
Primary completion
Dec 31, 2015
Completion
Dec 31, 2015
Results posted
Dec 16, 2025
Last update
May 27, 2026

Study contacts

Sonya S Shin, MD MPH
principal investigator · Brigham and Women's Hospital

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

Not currently enrolling

This study is completed, as verified in May 2026. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.

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Discussion

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