Metabolic Mapping to Measure Retinal Metabolism

GENERAL INCLUSION CRITERIA:

1. Ability and willingness to provide informed consent.
2. Presence of a natural lens in the study eye(s).
3. Media clarity, pupillary dilation, and cooperation sufficient to perform measurements.
4. All participants will have the ability to read with at least 1 eye

AMD-SPECIFIC INCLUSION CRITERIA:

Participants will range from those with no AMD and little or no drusen in either eye through end stage AMD (geographic atrophic, retinal pigment epithelial detachment, or other signs of neovascular/exudative disease) in one eye. Participants will be classified with the AREDS System for Classifying Age-Related Macular Degeneration and will exhibit a range of severities of AMD with at least half exhibiting unilateral advanced AMD (geographic atrophy or neovascular AMD) and half at high risk of progression. Inclusion criteria are as follows:

1. A diagnosis of AMD. We will use AREDS criteria and diagnostic scales for the definition of AMD.
2. Men and women aged 60 years or older. Children are not included because AMD (by definition) is a disease afflicting adults.
3. Eligible participants may have no evidence of AMD with little or no drusen in either eye, or may have any stage of AMD through end stage (geographic atrophic, retinal pigment epithelial detachment, or other signs of neovascular/exudative disease) in one eye.

DR-SPECIFIC INCLUSION CRITERIA:

1. People with DR will be classified with the modified ETDRS scale; participants will have a range of severities of DR, with at least half classified in the severe non-proliferative DR category (SNPDR). Efforts will be made to recruit people with unilateral SNPDR.

2. Participants will be men and women aged 18 years or older with diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (type 1 or type 2). Any one of the following will be considered sufficient evidence that diabetes is present:

   • Current regular use of insulin for the treatment of diabetes.
   • Current regular use of oral antihyperglycemia agents for the treatment of diabetes.
   • Documented diabetes by ADA guidelines.

VHL-SPECIFIC INCLUSION CRITERIA:

1. Participants will be men and women aged 18 years or older with a genetic confirmation of VHL-disease.
2. People with VHL disease exhibit a range of retinal lesions from none to severe.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

GENERAL EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

1. Cataract surgery in the study eye.
2. Glaucoma with evidence of optic nerve damage.
3. Chronic requirement for any systemic or ocular medication for other eye diseases other than AMD, DR, or VHL-disease.
4. Presence of implanted medical devices that may be affected by electromagnetic frequency (EMF) emissions. Although our equipment is CE or UL rated for EMF emissions it would be prudent to exclude people with implanted pacemakers, neural stimulators, and insulin pumps.
5. Arrhythmia as indicated in medical records, as this may result in instability in measurements.
6. History of seizures. The scanning mechanism of the system operates at 12 Hz, which may induce a seizure (n.b. a 12Hz scan rate is used in the Heidelberg HRTII and HRA).
7. Presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or other lung disease that might make breathing 100% O2 unsafe.
8. Ocular disease (other than AMD, DR, or VHL) that confounds assessment of the retina. These include but are not limited to central serous choroidopathy, optic atrophy, retinal vein occlusion, active uveitis, significant explained or unexplained visual field loss, or any other type of retinopathy or retinal degeneration.
9. Vitreous hemorrhage.
10. History of renal failure requiring dialysis or renal transplant.
11. Existing condition that in the opinion of the investigator would preclude participation in the study (e.g., unstable medical status including blood pressure and glycemic control).