ClinicalTrials.gg
CompletedNCT07927712Updated Nov 10, 2026

Effect of Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and Meso-Zeaxanthin Supplementation on Macular Sensitivity in Patients With High Myopia

A Phase 2 interventional study of Lutein + meso-zeaxanthin + zeaxanthin (LMZ) in High Myopia, sponsored by Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México. Completed at 1 site in Mexico. Open to participants aged 18 Years and older. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-11-10.

Sponsored by Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México · Phase 2, Interventional, and Treatment

From the registry’s dates

  • Registered 2 years 10 months after the study started (first participant enrolled Dec 2023, registered Oct 2026).
Updated Nov 10, 2026Newly registeredGo to Updates ↓
Phase
Phase 2
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
70
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
18 Years and older
Sex
All
01

Study summary

This clinical study evaluates whether six months of oral supplementation with lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin affects retinal sensitivity in adults with high myopia. Macular sensitivity is assessed using microperimetry, and outcomes are compared with those of a control group of patients with high myopia who do not receive supplementation.

Read the detailed description

This prospective, longitudinal, controlled, randomized, interventional clinical trial was conducted in adults with high myopia without other significant ophthalmic abnormalities.

Participants were allocated in a 1:1 ratio to an experimental group receiving one oral capsule of a triple-carotenoid formulation daily for six months or to a control group receiving no supplementation.

Each capsule contained 10 mg of lutein, 10 mg of meso-zeaxanthin, and 2 mg of zeaxanthin.

Assessments included best-corrected visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, macular microperimetry, and skin carotenoid levels at baseline, three months, and six months. The National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25) was administered at baseline and at six months.

The main variable of interest was mean macular sensitivity measured using the MAIA microperimeter. Participants were followed for six months, and adverse events associated with supplementation were recorded.

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Conditions studied

  • High Myopia

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03

In context

Myopia

1,159 studies on the registry are indexed under Myopia; 225 are open to participants now.

This study's enrollment of 70 is below the median of 78 across 923 interventional studies indexed under Myopia.

Browse Myopia studies →

Lead sponsor

Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México is the lead sponsor of 60 studies on the registry; 6 are open to participants now.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

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Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years and older
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
No

Eligibility criteria

**Inclusion Criteria:**

  • Adults aged 18 years or older.
  • Both sexes.
  • Clear ocular media (clear vitreous, cornea, and crystalline lens without abnormalities).
  • High myopia, defined according to the International Myopia Institute (IMI) classification as a refractive error of ≥6.0 diopters and an axial length of ≥26.0 mm.
  • Written .

**Exclusion Criteria:**

  • Patients with structural changes associated with pathologic myopia, including posterior staphyloma, lacquer cracks, myopic choroidal neovascularization, and/or Fuchs spots.
  • Patients with myopic maculopathy greater than category 1 (only category 0, corresponding to no myopic retinal degenerative lesions, and category 1, corresponding to tessellated fundus, were included).
  • Patients with myopia-associated glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
  • Patients with other retinal diseases or degenerations, including diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration.
  • Patients using systemic medications that may cause macular toxicity.
  • Patients with a history of oral antioxidant supplementation, regardless of whether the supplements contained macular carotenoids.
  • Patients with known to any component of the carotenoid formulation (LMZ).
Terms in these criteria, in plain language(2)

Underlined terms in the criteria open these too. Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.

Informed consent

Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.

You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.

Hypersensitivity

An allergy, or another reaction of the immune system, to a substance. “Hypersensitivity to the study drug” means a known allergic reaction to it — not every side effect a medicine can have.

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Study design

Phase
Phase 2
Primary purpose
Treatment
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Parallel assignment
Masking
Single (Outcomes assessor)
Enrollment
70 participants (actual)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    Triple-carotenoid supplementation (LMZ)

    Participants received one oral softgel capsule daily with meals for six months. Each capsule contained 10 mg of lutein, 10 mg of meso-zeaxanthin, and 2 mg of zeaxanthin.

    Dietary Supplement: Lutein + meso-zeaxanthin + zeaxanthin (LMZ)

  • No intervention
    Control - observation only

    Participants assigned to the control group received no carotenoid supplementation and continued their usual diet throughout the six-month observation period.

Interventions

  • Dietary supplementLutein + meso-zeaxanthin + zeaxanthin (LMZ)

    One oral softgel capsule containing 10 mg of lutein, 10 mg of meso-zeaxanthin, and 2 mg of zeaxanthin was administered daily with meals for six months.

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What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Change in contrast sensitivity function (LogCS) at 6 months

    Contrast sensitivity was assessed using the Rabin Contrast Sensitivity Test with an adaptive algorithm at a spatial frequency of 6 cycles per degree (CPD). Results were expressed in logarithmic contrast sensitivity units (LogCS).

    Time frame: Baseline and 6 months (with an additional assessment at 3 months).

Secondary outcomes

  1. Change in systemic skin carotenoid levels

    Skin carotenoid levels were measured using the Lifemeter system based on pressure-mediated reflectance spectroscopy. Three measurements were obtained per participant, and the average measurement value was used for analysis.

    Time frame: Baseline, 3 months, and 6 months.

Other outcomes

  1. Change in macular integrity index

    The macular integrity index was calculated by comparing each participant's retinal sensitivity map with an age-adjusted normative database.

    Time frame: Baseline, 3 months, and 6 months.

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Study locations

1 site
  • Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México, I.A.P . (APEC)
    Mexico City, Mexico City 04030, Mexico
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References and documents

Publications

  • Rosales-Diaz, R., Peña-Ortiz, S., Prieto-Martinez, A. A., et al. (2025). Variability of Skin Carotenoid Measurements Assessed by Reflectance Spectroscopy and Their Relationship with Contrast Sensitivity in a Healthy Population. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 66(8), 1214.
  • García-Sánchez, J., Rhoads Avila, L. A., Garcia-Santisteban, R., et al. (2022). Contrast sensitivity comparison of high myopic vs emmetropic patients using the Rabin Cone Contrast Sensitivity Test. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 63(7), 4326 - A0031.
  • Rhoads Avila, L. A., Garcia-Santisteban, R., García-Sánchez, J., et al. (2022). RABIN CONE CONTRAST SENSITIVITY TEST REPEATABILITY IN HEALTHY PATIENTS OF DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 63(7), 4222 - A0150.
  • Obana A, Nakazawa R, Noma S, Sasano H, Gohto Y. Macular Pigment in Eyes With Macular Hole Formation and Its Change After Surgery. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2020 Oct 26;9(11):28. doi: 10.1167/tvst.9.11.28. eCollection 2020 Oct. PubMed 33173607 ↗
  • Richman J, Lorenzana LL, Lankaranian D, Dugar J, Mayer J, Wizov SS, Spaeth GL. Importance of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in patients with glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010 Dec;128(12):1576-82. doi: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.275. PubMed 21149782 ↗
  • Thurman SM, Davey PG, McCray KL, Paronian V, Seitz AR. Predicting individual contrast sensitivity functions from acuity and letter contrast sensitivity measurements. J Vis. 2016 Dec 1;16(15):15. doi: 10.1167/16.15.15. PubMed 28006065 ↗
  • Murray IJ, Makridaki M, van der Veen RL, Carden D, Parry NR, Berendschot TT. Lutein supplementation over a one-year period in early AMD might have a mild beneficial effect on visual acuity: the CLEAR study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013 Mar 11;54(3):1781-8. doi: 10.1167/iovs.12-10715. PubMed 23385792 ↗
  • Yao Y, Qiu QH, Wu XW, Cai ZY, Xu S, Liang XQ. Lutein supplementation improves visual performance in Chinese drivers: 1-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutrition. 2013 Jul-Aug;29(7-8):958-64. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.10.017. Epub 2013 Jan 27. PubMed 23360692 ↗
  • Francisco BM, Salvador M, Amparo N. Oxidative stress in myopia. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015;2015:750637. doi: 10.1155/2015/750637. Epub 2015 Apr 1. PubMed 25922643 ↗
  • Stringham NT, Stringham JM. Temporal Visual Mechanisms May Mediate Compensation for Macular Pigment. Perception. 2015 Dec;44(12):1400-15. doi: 10.1177/0301006615607119. Epub 2015 Sep 29. PubMed 26562864 ↗
  • Moiseyev G, Nikolaeva O, Chen Y, Farjo K, Takahashi Y, Ma JX. Inhibition of the visual cycle by A2E through direct interaction with RPE65 and implications in Stargardt disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Oct 12;107(41):17551-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1008769107. Epub 2010 Sep 27. PubMed 20876139 ↗
  • Bhosale P, Serban B, Bernstein PS. Retinal carotenoids can attenuate formation of A2E in the retinal pigment epithelium. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2009 Mar 15;483(2):175-81. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.09.012. Epub 2008 Sep 30. PubMed 18926795 ↗
  • KUFFLER SW. Discharge patterns and functional organization of mammalian retina. J Neurophysiol. 1953 Jan;16(1):37-68. doi: 10.1152/jn.1953.16.1.37. No abstract available. PubMed 13035466 ↗
  • Wooten BR, Hammond BR. Macular pigment: influences on visual acuity and visibility. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2002 Mar;21(2):225-40. doi: 10.1016/s1350-9462(02)00003-4. PubMed 12062535 ↗
  • Molina-Martin A, Pinero DP, Perez-Cambrodi RJ. Normal values for microperimetry with the MAIA microperimeter: sensitivity and fixation analysis in healthy adults and children. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2017 Aug 30;27(5):607-613. doi: 10.5301/ejo.5000930. Epub 2017 Jan 23. PubMed 28127734 ↗
  • Akuffo KO, Beatty S, Peto T, Stack J, Stringham J, Kelly D, Leung I, Corcoran L, Nolan JM. The Impact of Supplemental Antioxidants on Visual Function in Nonadvanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Head-to-Head Randomized Clinical Trial. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017 Oct 1;58(12):5347-5360. doi: 10.1167/iovs.16-21192. PubMed 29053808 ↗
  • Nolan JM, Power R, Stringham J, Dennison J, Stack J, Kelly D, Moran R, Akuffo KO, Corcoran L, Beatty S. Enrichment of Macular Pigment Enhances Contrast Sensitivity in Subjects Free of Retinal Disease: Central Retinal Enrichment Supplementation Trials - Report 1. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016 Jun 1;57(7):3429-39. doi: 10.1167/iovs.16-19520. PubMed 27367585 ↗
  • Nolan JM, Akkali MC, Loughman J, Howard AN, Beatty S. Macular carotenoid supplementation in subjects with atypical spatial profiles of macular pigment. Exp Eye Res. 2012 Aug;101:9-15. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.05.006. Epub 2012 May 28. PubMed 22652506 ↗
  • Bone RA, Landrum JT, Cao Y, Howard AN, Alvarez-Calderon F. Macular pigment response to a supplement containing meso-zeaxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2007 May 11;4:12. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-4-12. PubMed 17498306 ↗
  • Connolly EE, Beatty S, Thurnham DI, Loughman J, Howard AN, Stack J, Nolan JM. Augmentation of macular pigment following supplementation with all three macular carotenoids: an exploratory study. Curr Eye Res. 2010 Apr;35(4):335-51. doi: 10.3109/02713680903521951. PubMed 20373901 ↗
  • Tanito M, Obana A, Gohto Y, Okazaki S, Gellermann W, Ohira A. Macular pigment density changes in Japanese individuals supplemented with lutein or zeaxanthin: quantification via resonance Raman spectrophotometry and autofluorescence imaging. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2012 Sep;56(5):488-96. doi: 10.1007/s10384-012-0157-0. Epub 2012 Jun 15. PubMed 22699751 ↗
  • Yoshida T, Takagi Y, Igarashi-Yokoi T, Ohno-Matsui K. Efficacy of lutein supplements on macular pigment optical density in highly myopic individuals: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023 Mar 24;102(12):e33280. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000033280. PubMed 36961139 ↗
  • Zhang Y, Hao J, Cao K, Qi Y, Wang N, Han S. Macular pigment optical density responses to different levels of zeaxanthin in patients with high myopia. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2022 Jul;260(7):2329-2337. doi: 10.1007/s00417-021-05532-2. Epub 2022 Jan 19. PubMed 35044504 ↗
  • Tong N, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Gong Y, Wooten B, Wu X. Inverse relationship between macular pigment optical density and axial length in Chinese subjects with myopia. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013 Jun;251(6):1495-500. doi: 10.1007/s00417-012-2225-z. Epub 2012 Dec 8. PubMed 23224230 ↗
  • Handelman GJ, Dratz EA, Reay CC, van Kuijk JG. Carotenoids in the human macula and whole retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1988 Jun;29(6):850-5. PubMed 3372162 ↗
  • Wooten BR, Hammond BR Jr, Land RI, Snodderly DM. A practical method for measuring macular pigment optical density. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999 Oct;40(11):2481-9. PubMed 10509640 ↗
  • Wang J, Liu X, Huang J, Deng R, Zhao S, Chen Y, Chen Z, Wang Y, Rong Y, Liu Q, Qu J, Mao X. Reduced contrast sensitivity function is correlated with changes to cone photoreceptors in simple high myopia. Front Neurosci. 2024 Mar 22;18:1274651. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1274651. eCollection 2024. PubMed 38586194 ↗
  • Jonas JB, Jonas RA, Panda-Jonas S. Clinical and histological aspects of the anatomy of myopia, myopic macular degeneration and myopia-associated optic neuropathy. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2025 Nov;109:101402. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101402. Epub 2025 Sep 20. PubMed 40983254 ↗
  • Jonas JB, Xu L. Histological changes of high axial myopia. Eye (Lond). 2014 Feb;28(2):113-7. doi: 10.1038/eye.2013.223. Epub 2013 Oct 11. PubMed 24113300 ↗
  • Ohno-Matsui K, Wu PC, Yamashiro K, Vutipongsatorn K, Fang Y, Cheung CMG, Lai TYY, Ikuno Y, Cohen SY, Gaudric A, Jonas JB. IMI Pathologic Myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021 Apr 28;62(5):5. doi: 10.1167/iovs.62.5.5. PubMed 33909033 ↗
  • Ohno-Matsui K, Kawasaki R, Jonas JB, Cheung CM, Saw SM, Verhoeven VJ, Klaver CC, Moriyama M, Shinohara K, Kawasaki Y, Yamazaki M, Meuer S, Ishibashi T, Yasuda M, Yamashita H, Sugano A, Wang JJ, Mitchell P, Wong TY; META-analysis for Pathologic Myopia (META-PM) Study Group. International photographic classification and grading system for myopic maculopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015 May;159(5):877-83.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.01.022. Epub 2015 Jan 26. PubMed 25634530 ↗
  • Flitcroft DI, He M, Jonas JB, Jong M, Naidoo K, Ohno-Matsui K, Rahi J, Resnikoff S, Vitale S, Yannuzzi L. IMI - Defining and Classifying Myopia: A Proposed Set of Standards for Clinical and Epidemiologic Studies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019 Feb 28;60(3):M20-M30. doi: 10.1167/iovs.18-25957. PubMed 30817826 ↗
  • Eisenhauer B, Natoli S, Liew G, Flood VM. Lutein and Zeaxanthin-Food Sources, Bioavailability and Dietary Variety in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Protection. Nutrients. 2017 Feb 9;9(2):120. doi: 10.3390/nu9020120. PubMed 28208784 ↗
  • Johnson EJ. Role of lutein and zeaxanthin in visual and cognitive function throughout the lifespan. Nutr Rev. 2014 Sep;72(9):605-12. doi: 10.1111/nure.12133. Epub 2014 Aug 8. PubMed 25109868 ↗
  • Landrum JT, Bone RA. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and the macular pigment. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2001 Jan 1;385(1):28-40. doi: 10.1006/abbi.2000.2171. PubMed 11361022 ↗
  • Kadomoto S, Muraoka Y, Uji A, Ooto S, Kawai K, Ishikura M, Nishigori N, Akagi T, Tsujikawa A. Human Foveal Cone and Muller Cells Examined by Adaptive Optics Optical Coherence Tomography. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2021 Sep 1;10(11):17. doi: 10.1167/tvst.10.11.17. PubMed 34559184 ↗
  • Gass JD. Muller cell cone, an overlooked part of the anatomy of the fovea centralis: hypotheses concerning its role in the pathogenesis of macular hole and foveomacualr retinoschisis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999 Jun;117(6):821-3. doi: 10.1001/archopht.117.6.821. PubMed 10369597 ↗
  • Snodderly DM, Brown PK, Delori FC, Auran JD. The macular pigment. I. Absorbance spectra, localization, and discrimination from other yellow pigments in primate retinas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1984 Jun;25(6):660-73. PubMed 6724836 ↗
  • Bernstein PS, Li B, Vachali PP, Gorusupudi A, Shyam R, Henriksen BS, Nolan JM. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin: The basic and clinical science underlying carotenoid-based nutritional interventions against ocular disease. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2016 Jan;50:34-66. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.10.003. Epub 2015 Nov 2. PubMed 26541886 ↗
  • Bone RA, Landrum JT, Friedes LM, Gomez CM, Kilburn MD, Menendez E, Vidal I, Wang W. Distribution of lutein and zeaxanthin stereoisomers in the human retina. Exp Eye Res. 1997 Feb;64(2):211-8. doi: 10.1006/exer.1996.0210. PubMed 9176055 ↗
  • Snodderly DM, Auran JD, Delori FC. The macular pigment. II. Spatial distribution in primate retinas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1984 Jun;25(6):674-85. PubMed 6724837 ↗

Individual participant data

Plan to share: No

09

Updates

1 registry update since Sep 25, 2026
Registered
First appeared on the registry. No changes since
Nov 10, 2026
Show all 1 update
  1. Nov 10, 2026
    First appeared on the registry

From the registry record's own update history. This site started tracking changes on Sep 25, 2026; for anything earlier, see the record history on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

10

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT07927712
Lead sponsor
Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México
Responsible party
Sponsor
First posted
Nov 10, 2026
Start date
Dec 14, 2023
Primary completion
May 18, 2026
Completion
May 18, 2026
Last update
Nov 10, 2026

Study contacts

Guillermo Salcedo Villanueva, MD
principal investigator · Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México, I.A.P . (APEC), Ciudad de México, Alcaldía Coyoacán, calle Vicente García Torres No. 46, Colonia Barrio San Lucas, C.P . 04030, México.

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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