An interventional study of Tai Chi and Square Stepping Exercise (SSE) in Multiple Sclerosis, sponsored by Pamukkale University. Completed at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Open to female participants aged 20 Years to 45 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-06-23.
Sponsored by Pamukkale University · Not applicable, Interventional, and Treatment
Tai Chi is an exercise approach consisting of slow and controlled movements, whereas square stepping exercises are an exercise method in which specific step patterns are followed. The aim of this study is to comparatively examine the effects of Tai Chi and Square Stepping Exercises on knee joint position sense, lower extremity muscle strength, and fatigue levels in women with multiple sclerosis.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system observed in young adults. As the disease progresses, impairments occur in motor and sensory functions. Somatosensory inputs, such as knee joint position sense, which is particularly critical for balance and postural control, are frequently affected. In addition to these impairments, a decrease in lower extremity muscle strength and fatigue affecting the vast majority of patients restrict participation in activities of daily living.
Within the scope of this study, women diagnosed with MS will be randomized into one of three different intervention arms: a Tai Chi group incorporating postural stability exercises based on the Yang style; a Square Stepping Exercise (SSE) group consisting of coordinated step patterns aimed at improving sensorimotor integration; or a control group in which Frenkel exercises, representing traditional coordination approaches, are applied. Exercise interventions in all groups were planned for 8 weeks, twice a week.
The study aims to comparatively demonstrate the effects of Tai Chi and Square Stepping Exercises on knee joint position sense, lower extremity muscle strength, and fatigue levels, and to develop evidence-based strategies for these parameters in MS rehabilitation
3,460 studies on the registry are indexed under Multiple Sclerosis; 661 are open to participants now.
This study's enrollment of 39 is below the median of 50 across 2,342 interventional studies indexed under Multiple Sclerosis.
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Exclusion Criteria:
Participants in this arm will perform a supervised, group-based Tai Chi program. The program consists of selected movements from the Yang-style 24-form taught progressively, with emphasis on controlled weight shifting, postural alignment, and coordinated whole-body movement. Each session includes a warm-up period with general stretching, a main Tai Chi practice component with repeated form practice (with rest breaks as needed), and a cool-down period that includes stretching and controlled breathing techniques.
Behavioral: Tai Chi
Participants in this arm will receive supervised, group-based Square Stepping Exercise (SSE) performed on a 250 cm × 100 cm mat divided into 40 squares (25 cm each). Participants will practice predefined stepping patterns that include forward, backward, horizontal (lateral), and diagonal steps. Selected patterns will be repeated 3-5 times, followed by the mirrored version for the same number of repetitions. If a participant has difficulty with a pattern, it will be repeated until learned; progression will occur after the participant completes the pattern correctly three consecutive times.
Behavioral: Square Stepping Exercise (SSE)
Participants in this arm will follow a home-based program consisting of Frenkel Coordination Exercises (FKE), a coordination-focused exercise approach developed to address gait, balance, and coordination. The exercises emphasize slow, accurate, and well-controlled movements, typically supported by visual guidance and repeated practice to improve movement sequencing and coordination.
Behavioral: Home-based Frenkel Coordination Exercises
Tai Chi will be delivered for 8 weeks, 2 days per week, 1 session per day (total 16 sessions). Each session will last approximately 45-60 minutes and will include warm-up stretching, main Tai Chi practice, and cool-down stretching plus controlled breathing techniques.
SSE will be delivered for 8 weeks, 2 days per week, 1 session per day (total 16 sessions). Each session will be completed in approximately 45-60 minutes, including warm-up and cool-down periods.
Frenkel Coordination Exercises will be delivered as a home program for 8 weeks, 2 days per week, 1 session per day (total 16 sessions). Each session will last 15-30 minutes, excluding rest periods.
Knee joint position sense
Knee joint position sense will be assessed using an electrogoniometer. For standardization, participants will be evaluated in a seated position with back support, with the hip and knee at 90° flexion. A target angle of 30° knee extension (relative to the start position) will be used. When the participant reaches the target angle, she will be asked to hold the position for 5 seconds to learn the angle. The knee will then be returned to the neutral position and the participant will be asked to reproduce the target angle. Measurements will be repeated three times, the mean value will be calculated, and the absolute error (in degrees) will be recorded. Assessments will be conducted in a quiet room with eyes closed, with the joint exposed and barefoot.
Time frame: Baseline (pre-intervention) and immediately post-intervention (Week 8).
Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand Test (5STS)
Lower-extremity functional strength will be assessed using the Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand Test (5STS). Participants will sit on a standard chair and fold their arms across the chest. They will be instructed (with verbal explanation and practice before testing) to stand up and sit down five times as quickly as possible. Timing starts from the seated position and ends when the participant returns to the seated position after the 5th repetition. The result will be recorded in seconds; lower times indicate better performance.
Time frame: Baseline (pre-intervention) and immediately post-intervention (Week 8).
Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS)
Fatigue will be assessed using the Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS), which evaluates how fatigued the participant has felt over the past month including the day of assessment. The scale includes three domains: cognitive (10 items), physical (10 items), and social (20 items). Each item is rated from 0 to 4 (0 = no problem; 4 = very big problem). Domain scores are calculated by summing item scores within each domain, and the total score is calculated by summing all domain scores.
Time frame: Baseline (pre-intervention) and immediately post-intervention (Week 8).
This study is completed, as verified in Jun 2026. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.
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Pamukkale University