Psychopathology in Adolescence

Browse trials for

• Anxiety Disorders 4,868
• Depressive Disorder 4,845
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 606
• Psychological Well-Being 971

Anxiety Disorders

4,868 studies on the registry are indexed under Anxiety Disorders; 1,390 are open to participants now.

This study's planned enrollment of 192 is above the median of 150 across 606 observational studies indexed under Anxiety Disorders.

Lead sponsor

IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo is the lead sponsor of 67 studies on the registry; 32 are open to participants now.

Study population

Groups and cohorts

• CBT Group

  Participants receiving Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) as part of routine clinical care for adolescent psychopathology.

• BST Group

  Participants receiving Brief Strategic Therapy (BST) as part of routine clinical care for adolescent psychopathology.

Primary outcomes

1. Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)

   The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) is a standardized parent-report questionnaire used to assess a wide range of emotional and behavioral problems in children. Higher scores indicate greater levels of emotional and behavioral difficulties.

   Time frame: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6, Month 9, and Month 12

2. SAFA General Screening Scales

   The SAFA (Self Administrated Psychiatric Scales for Youths and Adolescents) is a comprehensive set of standardized self-report questionnaires used to assess emotional and psychiatric symptoms in children and adolescents aged 8 to 18 years. The full battery includes six scales: * SAFA-A (Anxiety) * SAFA-D (Depression) * SAFA-O (Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms) * SAFA-S (Somatic Complaints) * SAFA-P (Psychogenic Psychotic Symptoms) * SAFA-F (Eating Disorders) Each scale produces a raw score, which is then converted into a standardized score. Total scores for each domain range approximately from 0 to 100, although precise ranges vary slightly by scale and age group. Higher scores reflect more severe emotional or psychological difficulties, i.e., a worse outcome.

   Time frame: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6, Month 9, and Month 12

3. Personality Inventory for DSM (PID)

   The Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) is a standardized self-report instrument developed to assess maladaptive personality traits aligned with the DSM-5 alternative model for personality disorders. It includes 220 items, rated on a 4-point Likert scale (0 = Very False or Often False; 3 = Very True or Often True), and provides scores on five broad domains: * Negative Affectivity * Detachment * Antagonism * Disinhibition * Psychoticism Scores range from 0 to 660 (sum of all item scores), although domain and facet scores are typically reported separately. Higher scores reflect more severe or dysfunctional personality traits (i.e., a worse outcome).

   Time frame: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6, Month 9, and Month 12

4. Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS)

   The Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) is a structured clinical interview used to assess suicidal ideation and behavior. It includes subscales for suicidal thoughts, intent, plans, preparatory behavior, and actual suicide attempts. Each item is scored individually; for example: * Suicidal ideation severity scale: 0 (no ideation) to 5 (active ideation with specific plan and intent), * Behavior subscale: binary indicators (yes/no) of actual, aborted, or interrupted attempts. Higher scores indicate greater severity of suicide risk and behavior (i.e., a worse outcome).

   Time frame: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6, Month 9, and Month 12

5. Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20)

   The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) is a standardized self-report instrument designed to assess difficulties in identifying and describing emotions, and externally oriented thinking. It consists of 20 items, each rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly disagree to 5 = Strongly agree). Total scores range from 20 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater levels of alexithymia (i.e., worse emotional awareness).

   Time frame: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6, Month 9, and Month 12

6. Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11)

   The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale - Version 11 (BIS-11) is a widely used self-report questionnaire designed to assess impulsivity as a personality trait. It consists of 30 items, rated on a 4-point Likert scale from 1 (Rarely/Never) to 4 (Almost Always/Always). Total scores range from 30 to 120, with higher scores indicating greater impulsivity (i.e., a worse outcome).

   Time frame: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6, Month 9, and Month 12

7. Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale - Short Form (DERS-SF)

   The DERS-SF (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale - Short Form) is an 18-item self-report instrument that assesses difficulties in emotion regulation. Each item is scored on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (Almost Never) to 5 (Almost Always). Total scores range from 18 to 90. Higher scores indicate greater difficulties in emotion regulation (i.e., a worse outcome).

   Time frame: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6, Month 9, and Month 12

Secondary outcomes

1. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES)

   The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) is a widely used 10-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure global self-esteem in adolescents and adults. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 4 = Strongly Agree), with both positively and negatively worded items. Total scores range from 10 to 40, with higher scores indicating higher self-esteem (i.e., a better outcome). Scores below 15 may indicate problematic low self-esteem.

   Time frame: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6, Month 9, and Month 12

2. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) / Raven's Progressive Matrices

   Cognitive functioning is assessed at baseline using one or both of the following standardized instruments: * The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Fourth Edition (WISC-IV), a widely used clinical tool for measuring verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed. The Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) score ranges from 40 to 160, with higher scores indicating greater cognitive ability. * The Raven's Progressive Matrices is a non-verbal test of abstract reasoning and fluid intelligence. Standard scores range from 60 to 140, depending on the version and age norms. Higher scores indicate higher cognitive performance. Only participants with IQ ≥ 80 (as determined by one of the above instruments) are included in the study.

   Time frame: Baseline

3. Depression Anxiety Stress Scales - Short Version (DASS-21)

   The DASS-21 (Depression Anxiety Stress Scales - Short Version) is a self-report questionnaire designed to measure negative emotional states across three domains: depression, anxiety, and stress. It consists of 21 items, with 7 items per subscale. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale from 0 (Did not apply to me at all) to 3 (Applied to me very much or most of the time). Subscale scores range from 0 to 21, and are commonly multiplied by 2 to obtain scores equivalent to the full DASS-42 (range: 0 to 42 per subscale). Higher scores indicate more severe symptoms (i.e., a worse outcome).)

   Time frame: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6, Month 9, and Month 12

4. WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire - Brief (WHOQOL-BREF)

   The WHOQOL-BREF is a validated, 26-item self-report questionnaire developed by the World Health Organization to assess an individual's perceived quality of life. It includes four domains: * Physical Health * Psychological Health * Social Relationships * Environment Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale, and domain scores are transformed to a scale from 0 to 100, where higher scores indicate better quality of life (i.e., a better outcome). The WHOQOL-BREF has been used across cultures and is suitable for both clinical and general populations.

   Time frame: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6, Month 9, and Month 12

Other outcomes

1. Session Rating Scale (SRS)

   The Session Rating Scale (SRS) is a 4-item self-report measure used to assess the therapeutic alliance at the end of each therapy session. Each item is rated on a visual analog scale from 0 to 10, yielding a total score ranging from 0 to 40. The four dimensions assessed are: relationship, goals and topics, approach or method, and overall alliance. Higher scores indicate a stronger therapeutic alliance (i.e., a better outcome). Scores below 36 may indicate a need to address ruptures in the alliance.

   Time frame: Each session over 10 sessions (approximately 10 weeks)

2. Outcome Rating Scale (ORS)

   The Outcome Rating Scale (ORS) is a 4-item self-report tool designed to measure a client's perception of change and progress in therapy. It evaluates functioning in four areas: individual (personal well-being), interpersonal (close relationships), social (work/school), and general well-being. Each item is scored from 0 to 10, resulting in a total score ranging from 0 to 40. Higher scores reflect greater perceived well-being and positive clinical change (i.e., a better outcome).

   Time frame: Each session over 10 sessions (approximately 10 weeks)