An observational study in Sports Injuries, Social Impact and Psychological Impact of Injury, sponsored by Gazi University. Completed at 2 sites in Turkey (Türkiye). Open to participants aged 13 Years and older, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2025-05-02.
Sponsored by Gazi University · Observational
This study introduced and validated the Pain Monitoring and Injury Impact Scale for Athletes (PAMIIS), developed to address the lack of a comprehensive tool in Turkish for assessing injury-related pain and its multidimensional impact on athletes.The development process involved expert consultations, literature review, and feedback from athletes, resulting in a 37-item pool that was refined through pilot testing. Psychometric analyses conducted with 148 athletes demonstrated strong internal consistency, high test-retest reliability, and substantial correlations with established tools such as the Visual Analog Scale, OSTRC-O, and OSTRC-H. The final scale structure, consisting of 32 items across four subscales, was confirmed through both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. PAMIIS is a psychometrically sound instrument for systematically monitoring athletes' health status and documenting the short- and long-term consequences of sports injuries.
ABSTRACT Aims: In Turkish, there is no valid and reliable measurement tool for monitoring the health status of athletes and evaluating the effects of injuries on them from various dimensions. With this study, we aimed to develop a measurement tool to detect pain associated with sports injuries and to investigate the consequences of injury. We created a measurement tool called Pain Monitoring and Injury Impact Scale for Athletes-PAMIIS, which consists of a Pain Detection Diagram and an Injury Impact Scale.
Methods: PAMIIS was designed and improved upon expert, partner, and participant opinions and a literature review. Initially, a pool of 37 items was created. The content and scope of the tool were checked with a pilot test on 30 athletes. In the main test phase, 148 participants (200 sample) were tested for item consistency, and 55 athletes (70 sample) were retested for stability to determine reliability. For concurrent validity, PAMIIS sub-scores were compared with the Visual Analog Scale, the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire (OSTRC-O), and the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center on Health Problems (OSTRC-H) scores. Scale structure revealed with Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) for the construct validity. In the final phase, 90 (122 sample) athletes were administered the restructured scale, and its construct was tested with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA).
273 studies on the registry are indexed under Athletic Injuries; 43 are open to participants now.
This study's enrollment of 268 is above the median of 100 across 103 observational studies indexed under Athletic Injuries.
Browse Athletic Injuries studies →Gazi University is the lead sponsor of 548 studies on the registry; 104 are open to participants now.
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All athletes who regularly participate in a sporting activity for more than six months, aged 13 or over, and Turkish-speaking.
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In the pilot study, the comprehensibility and feedback forms were administered to 30 athletes from various branches to assess the content and face validity of PAMIIS.
The new version of PAMIIS was administered to 148 athletes for consistency and construct validity with Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). OSTRC-O and OSTRC-H questionnaires were also applied to investigate the concurrent validity of PAMIIS.
The scale was reapplied to 55 athletes in the main test group one week later to check its reproducibility.
The remodeled PAMIIS was applied to the 90 athletes for Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of the PAMIIS to ensure its construct validity
Pain Monitoring and Injury Impact Scale (PAMIIS)
It is a two-tiered, self-reported scale designed to determine the health level of athletes through pain symptoms in all body parts and to investigate the physical, psychological, and social effects of injury on the athlete. The first tier of the scale includes a diagram that enables health monitoring and screening for athletes. This section involves querying the athlete about the presence of pain, if any, its localization, intensity, onset, progression, and its relationship with training. This section is designed to be repeated weekly in pain-free athletes to monitor changes in their condition. If the athlete is already injured or a painful condition is detected in the first tier, he is prompted to proceed to the second tier. Here, the Performance, Participation, Psychological, and Social impacts resulting from the injury are thoroughly investigated. An athlete gets a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 128 points on the injury impact scale. Higher points show worse health conditions.
Time frame: Baseline
Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Questionnaires for Overuse Injury (OSTRC-O)
The "Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Questionnaires for Overuse Injury" is a self-reported outcome measure. It queries sports participation, training volume, sports performance, and pain for a selected body location-e.g. knee taking into account the last seven days. A severity score is between 0-100 points. Higher points show worse health conditions.
Time frame: Baseline
Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre questionnaires on Health Problems (OSTRC-H)
"Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre questionnaires on Health Problems" is a self-reported outcome measure. It is applied to determine the effects of general health problems on sports participation, training volume, sports performance, and pain for the last seven days. A severity score is between 0 and 100 points. Higher points show worse health conditions
Time frame: Baseline
Pain Monitoring and Injury Impact Scale (PAMIIS)
It is a two-tiered, self-reported scale designed to determine the health level of athletes through pain symptoms in all body parts and to investigate the physical, psychological, and social effects of injury on the athlete. The first tier of the scale includes a diagram that enables health monitoring and screening for athletes. This section involves querying the athlete about the presence of pain, if any, its localization, intensity, onset, progression, and its relationship with training. This section is designed to be repeated weekly in pain-free athletes to monitor changes in their condition. If the athlete is already injured or a painful condition is detected in the first tier, he is prompted to proceed to the second tier. Here, the Performance, Participation, Psychological, and Social impacts resulting from the injury are thoroughly investigated. An athlete gets a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 128 points on the injury impact scale. Higher points show worse health conditions.
Time frame: one week later
Plan to share: No
Ran from Jun 2022 to primary completion in Feb 2023, 8 months.
Of 40 non-industry observational studies under Athletic Injuries, half reached primary completion within 7 months of starting (the median), counting those still running; a quarter within 2 and three quarters within 11. This study's 8 months is above that.
Counting every sponsor, half of 40 studies reached it within 7 months; a quarter within 2 and three quarters within 11.
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This study is completed, as verified in Apr 2025. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.
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