An interventional study of Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) training and Non-active opioid overdose response training in Opioid Overdose, sponsored by University of Missouri-Columbia. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years to 100 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-08-19.
Sponsored by University of Missouri-Columbia · Not applicable, Interventional, and Prevention
The pervasive impact of the opioid epidemic has touched all layers of society for the past two decades, resulting in over 115 deaths daily and imposing annual costs of $78.5 billion. Responding swiftly to overdoses, akin to various medical emergencies, poses a significant challenge, particularly in geographically dispersed rural areas and densely populated urban settings. Effectively delivering the life-saving drug naloxone, which counteracts the effects of overdoses, necessitates a well-coordinated and cost-efficient response system.
Simply opting for widespread distribution of naloxone, even with citizen involvement, proves to be a financially burdensome approach when compared to more targeted strategies. Moreover, obstacles such as limited access, inadequate or unavailable naloxone training, and delayed response times from emergency responders compound the problem. Addressing these issues, the proposed Opioid Rapid Response System (ORRS) project seeks to advance prevention science by adopting an innovative approach that incorporates technology and contemporary communication theory.
The primary objective of the ORRS project is to mitigate opioid overdose deaths by enlisting and training citizens to administer naloxone in response to such events. Leveraging the PulsePoint health app, which connects citizens to cardiac events, the ORRS project will extend its capabilities to respond to overdose incidents. This initiative involves comprehensive development of ORRS, followed by a randomized clinical trial on a national scale to assess its effectiveness. The study aims to contribute to both prevention and implementation science by identifying optimal recruitment strategies and testing a model of online training. In pursuit of these objectives, the study is guided by the following Specific Aims:
SA 1: Refine and complete the development of ORRS. SA 2: Conduct a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. SA 3: Prepare ORRS for dissemination.
70 studies on the registry are indexed under Opiate Overdose; 11 are open to participants now.
This study's enrollment of 773 is above the median of 184 across 48 interventional studies indexed under Opiate Overdose.
Browse Opiate Overdose studies →University of Missouri-Columbia is the lead sponsor of 365 studies on the registry; 69 are open to participants now.
Of its 43 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 29 (67%) have results posted.
Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.
Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.
Exclusion Criteria:
Online Naloxone training
Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) training
Participants will receive non-active opioid overdose response training. Investigators will provide online training about opioid prevalence in US, opioid mechanism, side effect, and addiction. However, Investigators do not provide any knowledge about opioid overdose management and naloxone in this training. Once the project is completed, participants will receive online Naloxone training.
Behavioral: Non-active opioid overdose response training
ORRS is on online system to train citizen responders to administer NARCAN to save the lives of opioid overdose victims. It capitalizes on the innovative PulsePoint technology to connect responders to overdose events. PulsePoint is an app that connects 911 requesting assistance for cardiac arrests to responders with Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) training. ORRS allows us to partner with PulsePoint users to expand its reach to opioid overdoses, which share the need for a quick response that emergency responders are often unable to provide. ORRS has the advantage of expanding the population of responders with NARCAN, rescue breathing, and CPR training that can be connected to overdose events, increasing the likelihood of saving overdose victims' lives through a quick, efficient response. ORRS is delivered through an interactive, digital platform containing sequential, multi-media modules.
Investigators will provide online training about opioid prevalence in US, opioid mechanism, side effect, and addiction. However, Investigators do not provide any knowledge about opioid overdose management and naloxone in this training. Once the project is completed, participants will receive online Naloxone training.
Knowledge of Overdose Sign
Investigators will use a subset of Opioid Overdose Knowledge Scale (OOKS) to measure through a forced choice scale with each choice coded as correct (=1) or incorrect (=0). Higher score indicated greater knowledge of overdose sign.
Time frame: up to 2 weeks
Knowledge of Overdose Management
Investigators will use a subset of Opioid Overdose Knowledge Scale (OOKS) to measure through a forced choice scale with each choice coded as correct (=1) or incorrect (=0). Higher score indicated greater knowledge of overdose management.
Time frame: up to 2 weeks
Self-Efficacy Toward Intervening Opioid Overdose
Investigators will modify self-efficacy scale developed and theorized by Bandura (2005). Response options are from 0 (no confident) to 100 (highly confident). Higher score indicates greater self-efficacy
Time frame: up to 2 weeks
Response Efficacy About Intervening Opioid Overdose
Investigators will develop and measure how participants perceive the effectiveness of activities to intervene opioid overdose events in communities. Response options are from 0 (not effective) to 100 (highly effective). Higher score indicate greater response efficacy.
Time frame: up to 2 weeks
Concerns Related to Overdose Management
Investigators will use a subset of Opioid Overdose Attitude Scale (OOAS) with 5 point scale (1: strongly disagree \~5: strongly agree). Higher score indicates the greater concerns.
Time frame: up to 2 weeks
Intent to Intervene Opioid Overdose Events in Communities
Investigators will use behavioral intention scale developed by in the opioid training literature (Hecht et al., 2023) to measure intent to intervene opioid overdose events in communities (e.g., administering Narcan). Response options are from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Higher scores indicates grater intention to intervene opioid overdose events in communities.
Time frame: up to 2 weeks
The Number of Days Per Week, on Average, to Carry Narcan
Single item: how many days per week, on average, participants carry Narcn
Time frame: Up to 6 months
Number of Participants to Response to Overdose Events From PulsePoint App.
Single item: whether participant response to overdose events from PulsePoint notifications/alerts
Time frame: Up to 6 months
Number of Participants to Administer Narcan
Single item: Whether participant administer Narcan to respond opioid overdose events in communities.
Time frame: Up to 6 months
| Milestone | Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training | Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training |
|---|---|---|
| Started | 383 | 390 |
| Immediate posttest complete | 312 | 338 |
| 1 month follow up complete | 144 | 156 |
| 3 month follow up complete | 121 | 146 |
| Completed | 107 | 118 |
| Not completed | 276 | 272 |
Investigators will use a subset of Opioid Overdose Knowledge Scale (OOKS) to measure through a forced choice scale with each choice coded as correct (=1) or incorrect (=0). Higher score indicated greater knowledge of overdose sign.
| scores | Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training | Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training |
|---|---|---|
| Knowledge of Overdose Sign | 0.82 ± 0.17 | 0.78 ± 0.16 |
Investigators will use a subset of Opioid Overdose Knowledge Scale (OOKS) to measure through a forced choice scale with each choice coded as correct (=1) or incorrect (=0). Higher score indicated greater knowledge of overdose management.
| scores | Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training | Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training |
|---|---|---|
| Knowledge of Overdose Management | 0.83 ± 0.15 | 0.66 ± 0.21 |
Investigators will modify self-efficacy scale developed and theorized by Bandura (2005). Response options are from 0 (no confident) to 100 (highly confident). Higher score indicates greater self-efficacy
| scores | Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training | Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training |
|---|---|---|
| Self-Efficacy Toward Intervening Opioid Overdose | 80.12 ± 18.89 | 62.22 ± 28.52 |
Investigators will develop and measure how participants perceive the effectiveness of activities to intervene opioid overdose events in communities. Response options are from 0 (not effective) to 100 (highly effective). Higher score indicate greater response efficacy.
| scores | Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training | Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training |
|---|---|---|
| Response Efficacy About Intervening Opioid Overdose | 85.66 ± 17.97 | 76.25 ± 21.53 |
Investigators will use a subset of Opioid Overdose Attitude Scale (OOAS) with 5 point scale (1: strongly disagree \~5: strongly agree). Higher score indicates the greater concerns.
| scores | Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training | Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training |
|---|---|---|
| Concerns Related to Overdose Management | 2.33 ± 1.04 | 3.04 ± 1.13 |
Investigators will use behavioral intention scale developed by in the opioid training literature (Hecht et al., 2023) to measure intent to intervene opioid overdose events in communities (e.g., administering Narcan). Response options are from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Higher scores indicates grater intention to intervene opioid overdose events in communities.
| scores | Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training | Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training |
|---|---|---|
| Intent to Intervene Opioid Overdose Events in Communities | 4.31 ± 0.87 | 4.09 ± 0.94 |
Single item: how many days per week, on average, participants carry Narcn
| days per week | Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training | Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training |
|---|---|---|
| 1 month | 3.87 ± 3.17 | — |
| 3 month | 4.25 ± 2.99 | — |
| 6 month | 4.00 ± 3.05 | — |
Single item: whether participant response to overdose events from PulsePoint notifications/alerts
| Participants | Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training | Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training |
|---|---|---|
| 1 month | 24 | 12 |
| 3 month | 34 | 20 |
| 6 month | 27 | 19 |
Single item: Whether participant administer Narcan to respond opioid overdose events in communities.
| Participants | Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training | Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training |
|---|---|---|
| 1 month | 29 | 17 |
| 3 month | 33 | 21 |
| 6 month | 33 | 15 |
Collected over From enrollment until end of follow-up, up to 6 months. Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.
| Group | Deaths | Serious | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training | 0/383 (0%) | 0/383 (0%) | 0/383 (0%) |
| Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training | 0/390 (0%) | 0/390 (0%) | 0/390 (0%) |
| Age, Continuous(years) | Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training | Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 36.64 ± 12.15 | 37.86 ± 12.76 | 37.25 ± 12.47 |
| Sex/Gender, Customized(Participants) | Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training | Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Man | 174 | 175 | 349 |
| Woman | 196 | 205 | 401 |
| Others | 13 | 10 | 23 |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized(Participants) | Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training | Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| White/Caucasian American | 238 | 243 | 481 |
| Black/African American | 87 | 64 | 151 |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 7 | 20 | 27 |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 12 | 17 | 29 |
| Bi-Racial or Multi-Racial | 25 | 31 | 56 |
| Others/Not reported | 14 | 15 | 29 |
| Knowledge of overdose sign(Score on a 0 to 1 scale) | Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training | Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 0.77 ± 0.18 | 0.78 ± 0.18 | 0.77 ± 0.18 |
| Knowledge of overdose management(Score on a 0 to 1 scale) | Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training | Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 0.57 ± 0.25 | 0.56 ± 0.26 | 0.57 ± 0.25 |
| Self-Efficacy toward intervening opioid overdose(Score on a 0 to 100 scale) | Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training | Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 50.60 ± 28.88 | 51.29 ± 27.95 | 50.95 ± 28.40 |
| Response efficacy about intervening opioid overdose(Score on a 0 to 100 scale) | Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training | Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 70.31 ± 23.53 | 70.30 ± 23.62 | 70.31 ± 23.56 |
| Concerns related to overdose management(Score on a 1 to 5 scale) | Behavioral: Opioid Rapid Resonse System (ORRS) Training | Behavioral: Non-active Opioid Overdose Response Training | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 3.63 ± 1.00 | 3.55 ± 1.04 | 3.59 ± 1.02 |
1 further baseline measures are reported on the registry.
PDFs hosted by the registry, ClinicalTrials.gov.
Plan to share: Yes — Because this study is funded as a part of NIH HEAL initiative, investigators will follow the HEAL data sharing policy.
Supporting information: Study protocol, Informed consent form
Time frame: When project is completed.
Ran from May 2024 to primary completion in Dec 2025, 19 months.
Results were first posted in Jul 2026, 6 months after primary completion.
Of 28 interventional studies with no phase under Opiate Overdose, half reached primary completion within 26 months of starting (the median), counting those still running; a quarter within 14 and three quarters within 41. This study's 19 months is below that.
How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.
This study is completed, as verified in Jun 2026. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.
Get an email when the registry record changes — status, dates, results — or when someone posts here.
Sign in to followQuestions and observations about this study, from anyone following it. Not medical advice, and not a channel to the study team — their contact details are on the registry record.
Sign in to join the discussion. Reading takes no account; posting does. You choose a display name, and a pseudonym is the default.
Nothing here yet. If you are running this trial, taking part in it, or weighing whether to, this is the place to say so.
University of Missouri-Columbia →