An interventional study of L-WebTIPS in Pain, Postoperative and Pain, Acute, sponsored by University of California, Irvine. Recruiting at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 2 Years to 12 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-09-24.
Sponsored by University of California, Irvine · Not applicable, Interventional, and Supportive care
Over 60 million persons in the United States (US) identify themselves as Latinx and 25.6% are children under the age of 16.
Surgical disparities for adults and children have been identified as a major problem in the US and can be experienced at multiple points along a patient's health care trajectory. Data from the investigator's center indicates that a substantial portion of Latinx children who undergo surgery experience high anxiety and postoperative pain as well as postoperative impairments in psychological and physical functioning as compared to White non-Latin children who undergo surgery. Recent growth in use of mobile devices provides us an opportunity to create low-cost mobile health (mHealth) behavioral interventions to reduce this disparity in surgical outcomes.
In a previous National Institutes of Health (NIH) award, the principal investigator (PI) developed and tested an evidence based mHealth tailored intervention (WebTIPS) that aims to prepare and be a companion of a child and their family during a surgical event. WebTIPS aims to enhance the recovery of the child in several ways such as reducing anxiety and pain and is based on information provision, modeling, and teaching of coping skills. WebTIPS, however, was developed and validated with a population of primarily White non-Latinx English-speaking children and their parents. Unfortunately, it is well established that mHealth interventions are significantly less effective when used with specific ethnic minorities unless they underwent a process of cultural adaptation. Over the past 4-years, the investigators have established multiple academic and community collaborations, conducted extensive participatory research with Latinx stakeholders and used the heuristic framework and a modified ecological validity model to culturally adapt WebTIPS. The culturally adapted intervention is called L-WebTIPS. The overall aim of this application is to reduce surgical disparities in a population of Latinx children undergoing surgery. The first phase of this application (R61) includes web programming of L-WebTIPS, and a feasibly randomized control trial (RCT) to test this intervention. The second phase (R33) includes a multi-center RCT which aims to determine the effectiveness of L-WebTIPS compared to attention control intervention in decreasing postoperative pain, opioids consumption and lowering anxiety in Latinx children undergoing outpatient surgery. Secondary aims of the R33 include examining the impact of L-WebTIPS on home-based clinical recovery parameters such as pain, analgesic requirements, new onset behavioral changes and return to normal daily activity in Latinx children undergoing outpatient surgery. The investigators also plan to determine if the use of L-WebTIPS reduces anxiety and improve experience among the parents of Latinx children undergoing surgery.
Finally, the investigators plan to determine if the use of L-WebTIPS reduces anxiety and enhance experience among the parents of Latinx children undergoing surgery. The investigators submit that using a cultural adaption process for an existing validated intervention will accelerate the process of reducing surgical disparities and bringing an effective intervention to clinical settings and routine use.
Inclusion Criteria:
Children:
Exclusion Criteria:
Parent:
Inclusion Criteria:
1. Latinx Parents of children who are enrolled in the study who speak Spanish as a primary language and who may speak English.
Exclusion Criteria:
Other: L-WebTIPS
This mobile health application includes cultural adaption and grounding of a previously developed and tested tailored mHealth intervention, WebTIPS. LWebTIPS is a culturally adapted mHealth intervention that is aimed at the child and parent and strives to improve clinical outcomes and patient experience of Latinx children. Tailoring variables include: Simpatia, Religiosity and Familism.
Child Anxiety
Child anxiety is assessed using the Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (mYPAS) in four time points: the holding area, separation, entrance to the operating room, and the placement of the anesthesia mask. The mYPAS is an observational measure of preoperative anxiety in children consisting of 27 items in five domains of behavior indicating anxiety in young children (Activity, Emotional expressivity, State of arousal, Vocalization and Use of parents). For each category the child is scored from 1-4 (however in vocalization it is 1-6). The mYPAS total score is a sum of all categories for all time points, and ranges from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating greater anxiety.
Time frame: Child anxiety before surgery, while in the holding area.
Child Anxiety
Child anxiety is assessed using the Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (mYPAS) in four time points: the holding area, separation, entrance to the operating room, and the placement of the anesthesia mask. The mYPAS is an observational measure of preoperative anxiety in children consisting of 27 items in five domains of behavior indicating anxiety in young children (Activity, Emotional expressivity, State of arousal, Vocalization and Use of parents). For each category the child is scored from 1-4 (however in vocalization it is 1-6). The mYPAS total score is a sum of all categories for all time points, and ranges from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating greater anxiety.
Time frame: Child anxiety when exiting the holding room and up to the point when the child reaches the operating room (OR) doors.
Child Anxiety
Child anxiety is assessed using the Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (mYPAS) in four time points: the holding area, separation, entrance to the operating room, and the placement of the anesthesia mask. The mYPAS is an observational measure of preoperative anxiety in children consisting of 27 items in five domains of behavior indicating anxiety in young children (Activity, Emotional expressivity, State of arousal, Vocalization and Use of parents). For each category the child is scored from 1-4 (however in vocalization it is 1-6). The mYPAS total score is a sum of all categories for all time points, and ranges from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating greater anxiety.
Time frame: Child anxiety when child walks into the OR and ends when they are presented with and visually aware of the induction mask.
Child Anxiety
Child anxiety is assessed using the Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (mYPAS) in four time points: the holding area, separation, entrance to the operating room, and the placement of the anesthesia mask. The mYPAS is an observational measure of preoperative anxiety in children consisting of 27 items in five domains of behavior indicating anxiety in young children (Activity, Emotional expressivity, State of arousal, Vocalization and Use of parents). For each category the child is scored from 1-4 (however in vocalization it is 1-6). The mYPAS total score is a sum of all categories for all time points, and ranges from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating greater anxiety.
Time frame: Child anxiety when the child becomes aware of the mask and ends when they are asleep.
Assess Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium [Emergence status and Psychometric Evaluation in children]
Emergence status will be assessed through the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale (PAED). Items rated on a 5-point rating scale from 0 ("extremely") to 4 ("not at all"). The PAED rating scale consists of five psychometric items ("child makes eye contact with the caregiver", "child's actions are purposeful," "child is aware of the surroundings," "child is restless," "child is inconsolable") for the measurement of Emergence Delirium in children. Items are summed up for a total score that directly increases with the degree of emergence delirium.
Time frame: Post surgery while in the post anesthesia care unit
Change in children's pain intensity using the Postoperative Pain Measure (PPPM)
Postoperative pain intensity will be assessed through the 15-item Postoperative Pain Measure (PPPM) in which parents can indicate the presence or absence of each of the 15 behavioral indicators of pain by selecting either "Yes" or "No" for each question. In this scale, "0: Yes" and "1: No." A total score is achieved by summing all 15 items--higher scores suggest greater pain intensity. The questions on this scale are specific to postoperative pain (e.g. Refuse to eat? Eat less than usual?).
Time frame: Days 1-14 after surgery, once a day
Parental Preoperative Anxiety using the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T)
The Trait section of the questionnaire is administered to parents to assess their self-reported anxiety. Items rated on a 4-point Likert Scale from 1 ("Almost Never") to 4 ("Almost Always"). The score range is 20-80, the higher score indicating greater anxiety.
Time frame: Day of surgery
Assess parent satisfaction outcomes using the National Research Council (NRC) Picker satisfaction survey
Parent satisfaction scores will be evaluated through the National Research Council (NRC) Picker satisfaction survey - Outpatient surgery questionnaire. The questions on this survey evaluate satisfaction with the most recent hospital stay (e.g. Did the care providers explain things in a way you could understand?). Each question presents a multiple choice response of either "Yes-definitely, Yes - mostly, Yes-somewhat, and No." For each question, a higher score indicates greater satisfaction with their visit.
Time frame: Postoperative, day 1
Plan to share: No
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University of California, Irvine