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Enrolling by invitationNCT05814991Updated May 31, 2023

A Cohort Prospective Study of Predictors Influencing the Quality of Visualization of the Operating Field During Orthognathic Surgery

An observational study in Malocclusion, Maxillofacial Injuries and Orthodontics, sponsored by State Budgetary Healthcare Institution, National Medical Surgical Center N.A. N.I. Pirogov, Ministry of Health of Russia. Enrolling by invitation at 1 site in Russian Federation. Open to participants aged 18 Years to 40 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2023-05-31.

Sponsored by State Budgetary Healthcare Institution, National Medical Surgical Center N.A. N.I. Pirogov, Ministry of Health of Russia · Observational

From the registry’s dates

  • Primary completion was expected by Jan 2026, 9 months ago, but the record still lists the study as enrolling by invitation.
Study type
Observational
Model
Cohort
Time perspective
Prospective
Enrollment
100
Ages
18 Years to 40 Years
Sex
All
01

Study summary

It is very important to decrease the bleeding during bimaxillary osteotomy in order to increase the visibility of the surgical site. Our primary goal is to investigate the predictive value of pre- and perioperative factors, including controlled hypotension, on visibility of surgical site during bimaxillary osteotomy.

Read the detailed description

100 patients undergoing bimaxillary osteotomy under general anesthesia will be included into this prospective cohort study.

There will be two episodes of controlled hypotension for upper and lower jaw respectively. Hypotension will be induced and sustained according to the same procedure as described here. Controlled hypotension will be induced (intravenous administration of nitroglycerin 2-10 µg/kg/min) 15 minutes prior to the start of mucosal detachment, and will be sustained for the osteotomy stage. The surgeon will evaluate the surgical field quality (in terms of bleeding) according to Modena Bleeding Score (MBS), with scores 1-2 being satisfactory to proceed with the osteotomy. The following arterial pressure correction (proceeding with controlled hypotension or returning to normotension) will depend on the bleeding in the surgical field and the monitoring of cerebral oxygen saturation carried out using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) . The lowest targeted arterial pressure in order to have a clear surgical field will be 55 mmHg. However when the cerebral oxygen saturation decreases by 20% compared with the baseline at any arterial pressure level intervention would be carried out by Norepinephrine (intravenous, individual dosage for each patient - as judged by the anesthesiologist). Arterial blood samples will be taken at 3 time points (at the start of the surgery, during controlled hypotension phase, after extubation) for arterial gas analysis. Two blood samples will be taken to measure (prior to surgery and immediately after surgery) neuron-specific enolase (NSE), cystatin c and troponin I levels. The general condition, operation, anesthesia and hospitalization related data of the patients will be recorded. Cognitive function will be evaluated within 3 days before surgery and 2 days and 1 month after surgery.

02

Conditions studied

  • Malocclusion
  • Maxillofacial Injuries
  • Orthodontics
  • Hemorrhage

Keywords

  • nitroglycerin
  • the quality of visualization of the operating field
  • Near-infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)
  • cerebral oximetry
  • regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2)
  • Le Fort; I
  • controlled hypotension anesthesia
03

In context

Malocclusion

323 studies on the registry are indexed under Malocclusion; 85 are open to participants now.

This study's planned enrollment of 100 is above the median of 63 across 74 observational studies indexed under Malocclusion.

Browse Malocclusion studies →

Lead sponsor

State Budgetary Healthcare Institution, National Medical Surgical Center N.A. N.I. Pirogov, Ministry of Health of Russia is the lead sponsor of 14 studies on the registry; 3 are open to participants now.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years to 40 Years
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
No
Sampling method
Non-probability sample

Study population

patients undergoing bimaxillary osteotomy under general anesthesia

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

  • Patients refered for bimaxillary osteotomy under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation;
  • Anesthesia risk classes (ASA) I and II;
  • Written statement of .

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Hypertension as a symptom of hypertensive heart disease or endocrine dysfunction;
  • Patients receiving antihypertensive drugs;
  • Patients receiving anticoagulant therapy;
  • Ischemic heart disease;
  • Cerebrovascular insufficiency;
  • Severe hypovolemia;
  • Anemia;
  • 30 kg/m2 and higher;
  • Connective tissue disorders;
  • Pregnancy;
  • Participation in other clinical studies;
  • Recent history of substance abuse (recreational drugs, alcohol);
  • Allergies to drugs used in the study;
  • Anxiety requiring psychiatrist supervision and pharmacological therapy.
Terms in these criteria, in plain language(2)

Underlined terms in the criteria open these too. Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.

Informed consent

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You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.

BMI (body mass index)

Weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared. Example: 70 kg and 1.75 m gives 70 ÷ (1.75 × 1.75) ≈ 22.9.

What counts as overweight or obesity differs between countries (some use lower cut-offs), so go by the range the study states.

05

Study design

Observational model
Cohort
Time perspective
Prospective
Enrollment
100 participants (estimated)
Patient registry
No

Groups and cohorts

  • Patients undergoing bimaxillary osteotomy under general anesthesia

    Drug: Nitroglycerin solution · Device: monitoring of cerebral oxygen saturation

Interventions

  • Controlled hypotension will be induced (intravenous administration of nitroglycerin 2-10 µg/kg/min) 15 minutes prior to the start of mucosal detachment, and will be sustained for the osteotomy stage.

  • Devicemonitoring of cerebral oxygen saturation

    NIRS-based monitoring of rSO2 has unique advantages: directly or indirectly detecting physiological changes and metabolic processes, it is easy to realize, and involves simple procedures.

    Also known as: NIRS

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Visibility of surgical site

    Surgical site will be rated according to Modena Bleeding Score (MBS) by the same surgeon in terms of bleeding during osteotomy. The MBS goes from Grade 1 - no bleeding to Grade 5 - bleeding that prevents every surgical procedure except those dedicated to bleeding control.

    Time frame: during osteotomy, up to 90 minutes

Secondary outcomes

  1. Proportion of patients with cerebral desaturation

    Proportion of patients with decrease in cerebral oxygen saturation decreased by 20% compared with the baseline for 300 seconds without improvement

    Time frame: during osteotomy, up to 90 minutes

  2. changes in the values of mean arterial pressure

    Changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) values before and during controlled hypotension phase will be registered. MAP calculated as follows: MАP = Diastolic blood pressure + ((Systolic blood pressure - Diastolic blood pressure) / 3).

    Time frame: during the whole surgery (from start to finish - the timing stated in the surgery protocol)

  3. Changes in neuron-specific enolase (NSE) concentration

    NSE is released from neurons during injury and it's high blood concentration is associated with ischemic brain injury. Level of NSE will be measured in blood samples taken during surgery. Increase of NSE level suggests brain ischemia.

    Time frame: 3 time-points during the surgery - immediately after anesthesia induction, at the time of controlled hypotension (5 minutes after induction of controlled hypotension, i.e. nitroglycerin i.v. administration), immediately after extubation

  4. Intraoperative blood loss

    Total volume of blood loss during the time of surgery, calculated using direct volumetric measurement.

    Time frame: during the whole surgery (from start to finish - the timing stated in the surgery protocol)

  5. Cognitive status change

    Cognitive function will be evaluated by means of Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), which is a 30-point test, validated and commonly used to measure cognitive impairment. Any score of 24 or more (out of 30) indicates a normal cognition. Below this, scores can indicate severe (≤9 points), moderate (10-18 points) or mild (19-23 points) cognitive impairment.

    Time frame: within 3 days before operation, 2 days after surgery, 1 month after surgery

  6. Changes in cystatin C concentration

    Cystatin C is a well investigated biomarker with clear advantages over serum creatinine in patients with extremes in muscle mass, weight, age, and other areas where estimating equations using creatinine have well documented limitations. Increase of cystatin C level suggests kidney impairment.

    Time frame: at the start of the surgery, during controlled hypotension phase, immediately after extubation

  7. Change in Troponin I concentration

    The test can be used to aid in diagnosing myocardial infarction.

    Time frame: at the start of the surgery, during controlled hypotension phase, immediately after extubation

07

Study locations

1 site
  • Pirogov National Medical and Surgical Center
    Moscow, 105203, Russian Federation
08

References and documents

Publications

  • Pineiro-Aguilar A, Somoza-Martin M, Gandara-Rey JM, Garcia-Garcia A. Blood loss in orthognathic surgery: a systematic review. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011 Mar;69(3):885-92. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2010.07.019. Epub 2010 Dec 31. PubMed 21195531 ↗
  • Sugahara K, Koyama Y, Koyachi M, Watanabe A, Kasahara K, Takano M, Katakura A. A clinico-statistical study of factors associated with intraoperative bleeding in orthognathic surgery. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2022 Feb 25;44(1):7. doi: 10.1186/s40902-022-00336-8. PubMed 35212834 ↗
  • Salma RG, Al-Shammari FM, Al-Garni BA, Al-Qarzaee MA. Operative time, blood loss, hemoglobin drop, blood transfusion, and hospital stay in orthognathic surgery. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017 Jun;21(2):259-266. doi: 10.1007/s10006-017-0626-1. Epub 2017 May 2. PubMed 28466191 ↗
  • Ha TN, van Renen RG, Ludbrook GL, Valentine R, Ou J, Wormald PJ. The relationship between hypotension, cerebral flow, and the surgical field during endoscopic sinus surgery. Laryngoscope. 2014 Oct;124(10):2224-30. doi: 10.1002/lary.24664. Epub 2014 Apr 22. PubMed 24604576 ↗
  • Ferri J, Druelle C, Schlund M, Bricout N, Nicot R. Complications in orthognathic surgery: A retrospective study of 5025 cases. Int Orthod. 2019 Dec;17(4):789-798. doi: 10.1016/j.ortho.2019.08.016. Epub 2019 Sep 5. PubMed 31495753 ↗
  • Degoute CS. Controlled hypotension: a guide to drug choice. Drugs. 2007;67(7):1053-76. doi: 10.2165/00003495-200767070-00007. PubMed 17488147 ↗
  • Ettinger KS, Yildirim Y, Weingarten TN, Van Ess JM, Viozzi CF, Arce K. Hypotensive Anesthesia Is Associated With Shortened Length of Hospital Stay Following Orthognathic Surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016 Jan;74(1):130-8. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2015.05.025. Epub 2015 May 28. PubMed 26047710 ↗
  • Lin S, McKenna SJ, Yao CF, Chen YR, Chen C. Effects of Hypotensive Anesthesia on Reducing Intraoperative Blood Loss, Duration of Operation, and Quality of Surgical Field During Orthognathic Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017 Jan;75(1):73-86. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2016.07.012. Epub 2016 Jul 25. PubMed 27542543 ↗
  • Varol A, Basa S, Ozturk S. The role of controlled hypotension upon transfusion requirement during maxillary downfracture in double-jaw surgery. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2010 Jul;38(5):345-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2009.10.012. Epub 2009 Nov 12. PubMed 19913434 ↗
  • Rodrigo C. Induced hypotension during anesthesia with special reference to orthognathic surgery. Anesth Prog. 1995;42(2):41-58. PubMed 8934953 ↗
  • Wesselink EM, Kappen TH, Torn HM, Slooter AJC, van Klei WA. Intraoperative hypotension and the risk of postoperative adverse outcomes: a systematic review. Br J Anaesth. 2018 Oct;121(4):706-721. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.04.036. Epub 2018 Jun 20. PubMed 30236233 ↗
  • Mathis MR, Naik BI, Freundlich RE, Shanks AM, Heung M, Kim M, Burns ML, Colquhoun DA, Rangrass G, Janda A, Engoren MC, Saager L, Tremper KK, Kheterpal S, Aziz MF, Coffman T, Durieux ME, Levy WJ, Schonberger RB, Soto R, Wilczak J, Berman MF, Berris J, Biggs DA, Coles P, Craft RM, Cummings KC, Ellis TA 2nd, Fleishut PM, Helsten DL, Jameson LC, van Klei WA, Kooij F, LaGorio J, Lins S, Miller SA, Molina S, Nair B, Paganelli WC, Peterson W, Tom S, Wanderer JP, Wedeven C; Multicenter Perioperative Outcomes Group Investigators. Preoperative Risk and the Association between Hypotension and Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury. Anesthesiology. 2020 Mar;132(3):461-475. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000003063. Erratum In: Anesthesiology. 2020 Apr;132(4):937. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000003144. PubMed 31794513 ↗
  • Gregory A, Stapelfeldt WH, Khanna AK, Smischney NJ, Boero IJ, Chen Q, Stevens M, Shaw AD. Intraoperative Hypotension Is Associated With Adverse Clinical Outcomes After Noncardiac Surgery. Anesth Analg. 2021 Jun 1;132(6):1654-1665. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005250. PubMed 33177322 ↗
  • Farah GJ, de Moraes M, Filho LI, Pavan AJ, Camarini ET, Previdelli IT, Coelho L. Induced hypotension in orthognathic surgery: a comparative study of 2 pharmacological protocols. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Nov;66(11):2261-9. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2008.06.045. PubMed 18940490 ↗
  • Rhee SH, An JS, Seo KS, Karm MH. Predictors of Red Blood Cell Transfusion in Bimaxillary Orthognathic Surgery: A Retrospective Study. Int J Med Sci. 2021 Jan 29;18(6):1432-1441. doi: 10.7150/ijms.55567. eCollection 2021. PubMed 33628100 ↗
  • Thiele RH, Shaw AD, Bartels K, Brown CH 4th, Grocott H, Heringlake M, Gan TJ, Miller TE, McEvoy MD; Perioperative Quality Initiative (POQI) 6 Workgroup. American Society for Enhanced Recovery and Perioperative Quality Initiative Joint Consensus Statement on the Role of Neuromonitoring in Perioperative Outcomes: Cerebral Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Anesth Analg. 2020 Nov;131(5):1444-1455. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005081. PubMed 33079868 ↗

Individual participant data

Plan to share: Yes

Supporting information: Clinical study report

Time frame: 6 months after completion of the study

Access criteria: upon the request

09

Updates

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on May 31, 2023, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
10

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT05814991
Lead sponsor
State Budgetary Healthcare Institution, National Medical Surgical Center N.A. N.I. Pirogov, Ministry of Health of Russia
Responsible party
Sponsor
First posted
Apr 18, 2023
Start date
May 29, 2023
Primary completion
Jan 15, 2026 (estimated)
Completion
Jun 15, 2026 (estimated)
Last update
May 31, 2023

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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