An interventional study of FamilyNet smart speaker/mobile application in Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder, sponsored by Oregon Research Behavioral Intervention Strategies, Inc.. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 10 Years to 80 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-05-14.
Sponsored by Oregon Research Behavioral Intervention Strategies, Inc. (part of Influents Innovations) · Not applicable, Interventional, and Treatment
This project will develop and evaluate the feasibility of an integrated smart speaker and mobile/web-based application, "FamilyNet" (FN) to assist parents in implementing empirically supported behavioral parenting strategies to promote positive behavior change in their children. The FamilyNet system will help parents to create a positively framed, individualized behavioral plan for their child(ren), and then provide prompts, reminders, and tracking tools to help them effectively implement that plan. Once developed, FamilyNet will be field tested for usability and usefulness with a group of parents who have children ages 10-17 years exhibiting challenging behaviors. Establishing feasibility of this innovative parenting tool will have important implications for harnessing smart speaker and mobile/web technologies to provide parents in-situ support with parenting challenges; parents' effective implementation of empirically supported parenting strategies is likely to increase children's prosocial behaviors and reduce problematic behaviors, thus reducing their risk for long-term behavioral problems.
This project will develop and establish feasibility of an integrated smart speaker and mobile/web application, FamilyNet, designed to help parents utilize best practices in behavioral parent training to create and implement personalized behavior plans for their children. The FamilyNet system will integrate mobile app, smart speaker technology, and website technologies to assist families in creating their behavior plan, and then will track compliance, timelines, incentives, and other details to assist parents in following through and maintaining the behavior change program that they have created. After development, the intervention program will be pilot-tested with up to 35 families of youth ages 10-17 with challenging behaviors.
Primary parents will complete measures of parenting practices and child behavior prior to using the FamilyNet system, and again after having access to the program for 4 weeks. During the intervention period, user information will be tracked. Post-intervention measures will also include primary parents' perceptions of usability and acceptability of and satisfaction with the FamilyNet system. Children will also complete satisfaction questionnaires at the post- intervention assessment. Data will be analyzed to determine the degree to which families are able to utilize the FamilyNet interface and report finding it helpful.
86 studies on the registry are indexed under Oppositional Defiant Disorder; 16 are open to participants now.
This study's enrollment of 42 is below the median of 102 across 76 interventional studies indexed under Oppositional Defiant Disorder.
Browse Oppositional Defiant Disorder studies →Oregon Research Behavioral Intervention Strategies, Inc. is the lead sponsor of 24 studies on the registry; 3 are open to participants now.
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Exclusion criteria:
a. The target-age child has a developmental disability severe enough that the child is unable to speak and/or follow simple directions.
In a 4-week period, parents will use a prototype of the FamilyNet integrated and coordinated smart speaker/mobile application designed to provide families with in-situ experiential support for building positive behavior plans.
Behavioral: FamilyNet smart speaker/mobile application
In a 4-week period, youth (children of parents) will use a prototype of the FamilyNet integrated and coordinated smart speaker/mobile application designed to provide families with in-situ experiential support for building positive behavior plans.
Behavioral: FamilyNet smart speaker/mobile application
In a 4-week period, families will use a prototype of the FamilyNet integrated and coordinated smart speaker/mobile application designed to provide families with in-situ experiential support for building positive behavior plans. The prototype FamilyNet program will guide families in creating and implementing positive behavior plans to foster positive child behavior, consistent parenting, and promote a positive parent-child relationship.
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire 11-17 - Emotional Problems Subscale
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire 4-17 (SDQ; Goodman, 1997) is used to measure the child's overall adjustment. The SDQ is a brief, valid, reliable, and commonly used parent-report questionnaire about child behavior. The instrument includes 25 items that assess child challenging behaviors (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention), peer relationships, and prosocial behavior, with 5 items measuring each subscale. Respondents answer on a 3-point scale from 0 to 2 (0 = "Not true;" 2 = "Certainly true"). For the Emotional Problems Subscale, scores for the 5 items are summed together; the subscale score can range from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate worse adjustment (worse outcome).
Time frame: Baseline (T1), 4 weeks after baseline (T2)
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire 11-17 - Conduct Problems Subscale
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire 4-17 (SDQ; Goodman, 1997) is used to measure the child's overall adjustment. The SDQ is a brief, valid, reliable, and commonly used parent-report questionnaire about child behavior. The instrument includes 25 items that assess child challenging behaviors (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention), peer relationships, and prosocial behavior, with 5 items measuring each subscale. Respondents answer on a 3-point scale from 0 to 2 (0 = "Not true;" 2 = "Certainly true"). For the Conduct Problems Subscale, scores for the 5 items are summed together; the subscale score can range from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate worse adjustment (worse outcome).
Time frame: Baseline (T1), 4 weeks after baseline (T2)
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire 11-17 - Hyperactivity Subscale
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire 4-17 (SDQ; Goodman, 1997) is used to measure the child's overall adjustment. The SDQ is a brief, valid, reliable, and commonly used parent-report questionnaire about child behavior. The instrument includes 25 items that assess child challenging behaviors (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention), peer relationships, and prosocial behavior, with 5 items measuring each subscale. Respondents answer on a 3-point scale from 0 to 2 (0 = "Not true;" 2 = "Certainly true"). For the Hyperactivity Subscale, scores for the 5 items are summed together; the subscale score can range from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate worse adjustment (worse outcome).
Time frame: Time Frame: Baseline (T1), 4 weeks after baseline (T2)
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire 11-17 - Peer Problems Subscale
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire 4-17 (SDQ; Goodman, 1997) is used to measure the child's overall adjustment. The SDQ is a brief, valid, reliable, and commonly used parent-report questionnaire about child behavior. The instrument includes 25 items that assess child challenging behaviors (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention), peer relationships, and prosocial behavior, with 5 items measuring each subscale. Respondents answer on a 3-point scale from 0 to 2 (0 = "Not true;" 2 = "Certainly true"). For the Peer Problems Subscale, scores for the 5 items are summed together; the subscale score can range from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate worse adjustment (worse outcome).
Time frame: Baseline (T1), 4 weeks after baseline (T2)
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire 11-17 - Prosocial Subscale
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire 4-17 (SDQ; Goodman, 1997) is used to measure the child's overall adjustment. The SDQ is a brief, valid, reliable, and commonly used parent-report questionnaire about child behavior. The instrument includes 25 items that assess child challenging behaviors (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention), peer relationships, and prosocial behavior, with 5 items measuring each subscale. Respondents answer on a 3-point scale from 0 to 2 (0 = "Not true;" 2 = "Certainly true"). For the Prosocial Subscale, scores for the 5 items are summed together; the subscale score can range from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate better adjustment (better outcome).
Time frame: Baseline (T1), 4 weeks after baseline (T2)
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire 11-17 - Total Difficulties Score
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire 4-17 (SDQ; Goodman, 1997) is used to measure the child's overall adjustment. The SDQ is a brief, valid, reliable, and commonly used parent-report questionnaire about child behavior. The instrument includes 25 items that assess child challenging behaviors (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention), peer relationships, and prosocial behavior, with 5 items measuring each subscale. Respondents answer on a 3-point scale from 0 to 2 (0 = "Not true;" 2 = "Certainly true"). For the Total Difficulties Score, subscale scores for the Emotional Problems, Conduct Problems, Hyperactivity, and Peer Problems items are summed together; the Total Difficulties score can range from 0 to 40. Higher scores indicate worse adjustment (worse outcome).
Time frame: Baseline (T1), 4 weeks after baseline (T2)
Program Acceptability - Parent Perception of Improvement
Measure Description: Parents' perceptions of improvement in their child's behavior was measured with 4 items of the Program Acceptability - Parent Perception of Improvement Subscale measure at T2, 4 weeks after baseline. Parents indicate their perceptions of recent change in their child's positive behavior and their relationship with their child. Respondents answer items on a 5-point scale (e.g. 1 = Considerably worse; 5 = Greatly improved). Scores on these 4 items are averaged together; subscale scores range from 1 to 5. Higher scores indicate parent perceptions of more improvement (better outcome).
Time frame: At 4 weeks after baseline (T2)
Program Acceptability - Parent Satisfaction Subscale - Parent Report
Parent Satisfaction was measured with 10 items of the Program Acceptability - Parent Satisfaction Subscale measure at T2, 4 weeks after baseline, asking the extent to which parents found that the FamilyNet program was helpful, enjoyable, addressed important issues, helped them follow through on their behavior change plan, helped them manage their child's behavior more effectively, was the type of help they wanted, and their overall satisfaction with the program. Respondents answer items on a 7-point scale (e.g. 1 = Not at all; 7 = Very much). Scores on these 10 items are averaged together; subscale scores range from 1 to 7. Higher scores indicate better parent satisfaction.
Time frame: At 4 weeks after baseline (T2)
Program Acceptability - Child Satisfaction Subscale - Child Report
Child Satisfaction was measured with 5 items of the Program Acceptability - Child Satisfaction Subscale measure at post-treatment, asking the extent to which the child found that the FamilyNet program was helpful and enjoyable, and their overall satisfaction with the program. Respondents answer items on a 7-point scale (e.g. 1 = Not at all; 7 = Very much). Scores on these 5 items are averaged together; subscale scores range from 1 to 7. Higher scores indicate better child satisfaction.
Time frame: At 4 weeks after baseline (T2)
System Usability Scale - Parent Report
Parents' perceptions of the usability of the FamilyNet program is measured with the System Usability Scale (SUS), a commonly used 10-item scale that measures subjective perceptions of usability. Items are answered on a 5-point scale (0=Strongly disagree; 4=Strongly agree); scores on the scale are summed and multiplied by 2.5, such that they range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better usability. The SUS has been normed, and scoring produces an overall usability "grade" (Brooke, 1996; Sauro, 2011). This measure is obtained from the parents at post-test.
Time frame: At 4 weeks after baseline (T2)
System Usability Scale - Child Report
Child perceptions of the usability of the FamilyNet program is measured with the System Usability Scale (SUS), a commonly used 10-item scale that measures subjective perceptions of usability. Items are answered on a 5-point scale (0=Strongly disagree; 4=Strongly agree); scores on the scale are summed and multiplied by 2.5, such that they range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better usability (better outcome). The SUS has been normed, and scoring produces an overall usability "grade" (Brooke, 1996; Sauro, 2011). This measure is obtained from the youth at post-test.
Time frame: At 4 weeks after baseline (T2)
Parenting Practices Inventory - Inconsistent Discipline Subscale
The Parenting Practices Inventory (PPI) - Inconsistent Discipline Subscale (Metzler, Taylor, \& Foster, 2006) was used to measure the degree to which the parents are inconsistent in their discipline practices. Parents answer 4 items about inconsistent discipline practices on a 7-point frequency scale (1 = Never; 7 = Always). Scores on these 4 items are averaged together; the subscale scores range from 1 to 7. Higher scores indicate more inconsistent discipline practices (worse outcome).
Time frame: Baseline (T1), 4 weeks after baseline (T2)
Parenting Practices Inventory - Positive Reinforcement Subscale
The Parenting Practices Inventory (PPI) - Positive Reinforcement Subscale (Metzler, Taylor, \& Foster, 2006) was used to measure how much parents utilize positive reinforcement to promote positive behavior in their children. Parents answer 6 items about their likelihood of using different positive reinforcement techniques when their child behaves well or does a good job, on a 7-point scale (1 = Not at all likely; 7 = Extremely likely), 1 item about how often in an average week they praise or reward their child for doing a good job at home or school, on a 7-point scale (1 = Less than once per week; 7 = More than 10 times per day), and 2 items about how many times they have used positive reinforcement in the past 2 days for anything their child did well, on a 7-point scale (1 = Never; 7 = More than 7 times). Scores on these 9 items are averaged together; the Positive Reinforcement subscale scores range from 1 to 7. Higher scores indicate more positive reinforcement (better outcome).
Time frame: Baseline (T1), 4 weeks after baseline (T2)
Community Action for Successful Youth (CASY) Child-Parent Relationship Scales - Parent-Child Conflict Subscale
The CASY Parent-Child Relationship Scales - Parent-Child Conflict Subscale (Metzler, Biglan, Ary, \& Li, 1998) is used to measure conflict between the parent and child. Items were originally adapted from Prinz, Foster, Kent, \& O'Leary (1979). For the Parent-Child Conflict Subscale, 4 items ask parents how often four different conflict situations happened over the past week; parents answer on a 7-point frequency scale (1= Never; 7 = more than 7 times). Scores on these 4 items are averaged together; subscale scores range from 1 to 7. Higher scores indicate more parent-child conflict (worse outcome).
Time frame: Baseline (T1), 4 weeks after baseline (T2)
CASY Child-Parent Relationship Scales - Positive Family Relations Subscale
The CASY Parent-Child Relationship Scales - Positive Family Relations Subscale (Metzler, Biglan, Ary, \& Li, 1998) is used to measure positive relationships between the parent and child. Items were originally adapted from Moos and Moos (1986). For the Positive Family Relations Subscale, 6 items ask parents about the degree to which they have had a positive relationship with their child (3 items) and in the family in general (3 items) over the past month; parents answer on a 7-point "how true" scale (1= Never true; 7 = Always true). Scores on these 6 items are averaged together; subscale scores range from 1 to 7. Higher scores indicate a more positive relationship (better outcome).
Time frame: Baseline (T1), 4 weeks after baseline (T2)
Program-Targeted Parenting Practices - Frequency Subscale
The frequency of parents' engagement in the parenting practices targeted by the FamilyNet intervention is measured via the Program-Targeted Parenting Practices - Frequency Subscale (Metzler, Smith, Feil, \& Marquez, 2023). Created for this study, these 8 items ask parents to report the frequency with which they have engaged in target parenting practices in the past 4 weeks; parents report their frequency on a 6-point scale (0 = "Never in the past month;" 5 = "Every day"). Averaged scores range from 0 to 5, with higher scores indicating more frequent parental engagement in the target activities (better outcome).
Time frame: Baseline (T1), 4 weeks after baseline (T2)
Program-Targeted Parenting Practices - Parental Self-Efficacy Subscale
Parents' self-efficacy for engaging in the parenting practices targeted by the FamilyNet intervention is measured via the Program-Targeted Parenting Practices - Parental Self-Efficacy Subscale (Metzler, Smith, Feil, \& Marquez, 2023). Created for this study, these 6 items ask parents to rate how confident they are that they know how to do a series of parenting practices targeted by the program, on a scale of 1 to 10 (1 = Not confident at all; 10 = Highly confident). Averaged scores range from 1 to 10, with higher scores indicating greater parental self-efficacy in doing the targeted behavior (better outcome).
Time frame: Baseline (T1), 4 weeks after baseline (T2)
Parent Daily Report of Child Behavior, Positive Behavior Subscale
The Parent Daily Report (PDR; Chamberlain \& Reid, 1987) is used to measure parents' report of their children's positive and negative behaviors over the past 24 hours. For the PDR Positive Behavior Subscale, parents are asked to indicate the extent to which 7 positive behaviors occurred in the past 24 hours on a 4-point scale (0 = Not at all; 3 = A lot). The scores from these 7 items are averaged together, and the average score ranges from 0 to 3. Higher scores indicate more positive behavior (better outcome).
Time frame: Baseline (T1), 4 weeks after baseline (T2)
Parent Daily Report of Child Behavior, Negative Behavior Subscale
The Parent Daily Report (PDR; Chamberlain \& Reid, 1987) is used to measure parents' report of their children's positive and negative behaviors over the past 24 hours. For the PDR Negative Behavior Subscale, parents are asked to indicate the extent to which 19 negative behaviors occurred in the past 24 hours on a 7-point scale (0 = 0; 6 = 6 or more). The scores from these 19 items are averaged together, and the average score ranges from 0 to 6. Higher scores indicate more negative behavior (worse outcome).
Time frame: Baseline (T1), 4 weeks after baseline (T2)
Families' Usage of the FamilyNet Program - Number of Families That Used the Program
Families' usage of the FamilyNet program is measured through usage metrics collected on the back-end database, including the number of families that used the program and the number of times the program was used by families. For the Number of Families that Used the Program metric, families are identified either as (a) used the program at least once, or (b) did not use the program at all. "Usage" is defined as either the parent or the child used the program at least once during the program period (after the initial monitoring period). Higher levels for all usage metrics indicate greater program use.
Time frame: At 4 weeks after baseline (T2)
Families' Usage of the FamilyNet Program - Number of Times the Program Was Used
Families' usage of the FamilyNet program is measured through usage metrics collected on the back-end database, including the number of families that used the program and the number of times the program was used by families. For number of Times the Program was Used, each instance of a family's "usage," defined as either the parent or the child using the program, was counted over the course of the intervention period (after the initial monitoring period). Higher levels for all usage metrics indicate greater program use.
Time frame: At 4 weeks after baseline (T2)
| Milestone | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Parent) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Youth) |
|---|---|---|
| Started | 21 | 21 |
| Completed | 15 | 14 |
| Not completed | 6 | 7 |
| Withdrew: Lost to follow-up | 6 | 7 |
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire 4-17 (SDQ; Goodman, 1997) is used to measure the child's overall adjustment. The SDQ is a brief, valid, reliable, and commonly used parent-report questionnaire about child behavior. The instrument includes 25 items that assess child challenging behaviors (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention), peer relationships, and prosocial behavior, with 5 items measuring each subscale. Respondents answer on a 3-point scale from 0 to 2 (0 = "Not true;" 2 = "Certainly true"). For the Emotional Problems Subscale, scores for the 5 items are summed together; the subscale score can range from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate worse adjustment (worse outcome).
| score on a scale | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application - Parent | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application - Youth |
|---|---|---|
| Pretest (T1) | 3.00 ± 2.48 | — |
| Posttest (T2) | 2.53 ± 2.20 | — |
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire 4-17 (SDQ; Goodman, 1997) is used to measure the child's overall adjustment. The SDQ is a brief, valid, reliable, and commonly used parent-report questionnaire about child behavior. The instrument includes 25 items that assess child challenging behaviors (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention), peer relationships, and prosocial behavior, with 5 items measuring each subscale. Respondents answer on a 3-point scale from 0 to 2 (0 = "Not true;" 2 = "Certainly true"). For the Conduct Problems Subscale, scores for the 5 items are summed together; the subscale score can range from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate worse adjustment (worse outcome).
| score on a scale | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Parent) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Youth) |
|---|---|---|
| Pretest (T1) | 2.53 ± 2.75 | — |
| Posttest (T2 | 1.93 ± 2.22 | — |
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire 4-17 (SDQ; Goodman, 1997) is used to measure the child's overall adjustment. The SDQ is a brief, valid, reliable, and commonly used parent-report questionnaire about child behavior. The instrument includes 25 items that assess child challenging behaviors (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention), peer relationships, and prosocial behavior, with 5 items measuring each subscale. Respondents answer on a 3-point scale from 0 to 2 (0 = "Not true;" 2 = "Certainly true"). For the Hyperactivity Subscale, scores for the 5 items are summed together; the subscale score can range from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate worse adjustment (worse outcome).
| score on a scale | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Parent) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Youth) |
|---|---|---|
| Pretest (T1) | 5.40 ± 3.14 | — |
| Posttest (T2) | 4.87 ± 3.09 | — |
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire 4-17 (SDQ; Goodman, 1997) is used to measure the child's overall adjustment. The SDQ is a brief, valid, reliable, and commonly used parent-report questionnaire about child behavior. The instrument includes 25 items that assess child challenging behaviors (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention), peer relationships, and prosocial behavior, with 5 items measuring each subscale. Respondents answer on a 3-point scale from 0 to 2 (0 = "Not true;" 2 = "Certainly true"). For the Peer Problems Subscale, scores for the 5 items are summed together; the subscale score can range from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate worse adjustment (worse outcome).
| score on a scale | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Parent) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Youth) |
|---|---|---|
| Pretest (T1) | 2.47 ± 2.59 | — |
| Posttest(T2) | 2.80 ± 2.43 | — |
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire 4-17 (SDQ; Goodman, 1997) is used to measure the child's overall adjustment. The SDQ is a brief, valid, reliable, and commonly used parent-report questionnaire about child behavior. The instrument includes 25 items that assess child challenging behaviors (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention), peer relationships, and prosocial behavior, with 5 items measuring each subscale. Respondents answer on a 3-point scale from 0 to 2 (0 = "Not true;" 2 = "Certainly true"). For the Prosocial Subscale, scores for the 5 items are summed together; the subscale score can range from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate better adjustment (better outcome).
| score on a scale | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Parent) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Youth) |
|---|---|---|
| Pretest (T1) | 7.93 ± 1.71 | — |
| Posttest (T2) | 7.80 ± 2.21 | — |
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire 4-17 (SDQ; Goodman, 1997) is used to measure the child's overall adjustment. The SDQ is a brief, valid, reliable, and commonly used parent-report questionnaire about child behavior. The instrument includes 25 items that assess child challenging behaviors (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention), peer relationships, and prosocial behavior, with 5 items measuring each subscale. Respondents answer on a 3-point scale from 0 to 2 (0 = "Not true;" 2 = "Certainly true"). For the Total Difficulties Score, subscale scores for the Emotional Problems, Conduct Problems, Hyperactivity, and Peer Problems items are summed together; the Total Difficulties score can range from 0 to 40. Higher scores indicate worse adjustment (worse outcome).
| score on a scale | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Parent) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Youth) |
|---|---|---|
| Pretest (T1) | 13.40 ± 7.03 | — |
| Pretest (T2) | 12.13 ± 6.53 | — |
Measure Description: Parents' perceptions of improvement in their child's behavior was measured with 4 items of the Program Acceptability - Parent Perception of Improvement Subscale measure at T2, 4 weeks after baseline. Parents indicate their perceptions of recent change in their child's positive behavior and their relationship with their child. Respondents answer items on a 5-point scale (e.g. 1 = Considerably worse; 5 = Greatly improved). Scores on these 4 items are averaged together; subscale scores range from 1 to 5. Higher scores indicate parent perceptions of more improvement (better outcome).
| score on a scale | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Parent) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Youth) |
|---|---|---|
| Program Acceptability - Parent Perception of Improvement | 3.58 ± 0.78 | — |
Parent Satisfaction was measured with 10 items of the Program Acceptability - Parent Satisfaction Subscale measure at T2, 4 weeks after baseline, asking the extent to which parents found that the FamilyNet program was helpful, enjoyable, addressed important issues, helped them follow through on their behavior change plan, helped them manage their child's behavior more effectively, was the type of help they wanted, and their overall satisfaction with the program. Respondents answer items on a 7-point scale (e.g. 1 = Not at all; 7 = Very much). Scores on these 10 items are averaged together; subscale scores range from 1 to 7. Higher scores indicate better parent satisfaction.
| score on a scale | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Parent) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Youth) |
|---|---|---|
| Program Acceptability - Parent Satisfaction Subscale - Parent Report | 4.12 ± 1.57 | — |
Child Satisfaction was measured with 5 items of the Program Acceptability - Child Satisfaction Subscale measure at post-treatment, asking the extent to which the child found that the FamilyNet program was helpful and enjoyable, and their overall satisfaction with the program. Respondents answer items on a 7-point scale (e.g. 1 = Not at all; 7 = Very much). Scores on these 5 items are averaged together; subscale scores range from 1 to 7. Higher scores indicate better child satisfaction.
| score on a scale | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Parent) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Youth) |
|---|---|---|
| Program Acceptability - Child Satisfaction Subscale - Child Report | — | 4.00 ± 1.52 |
Parents' perceptions of the usability of the FamilyNet program is measured with the System Usability Scale (SUS), a commonly used 10-item scale that measures subjective perceptions of usability. Items are answered on a 5-point scale (0=Strongly disagree; 4=Strongly agree); scores on the scale are summed and multiplied by 2.5, such that they range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better usability. The SUS has been normed, and scoring produces an overall usability "grade" (Brooke, 1996; Sauro, 2011). This measure is obtained from the parents at post-test.
| score on a scale | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Parent) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Youth) |
|---|---|---|
| System Usability Scale - Parent Report | 62.33 ± 25.4 | — |
Child perceptions of the usability of the FamilyNet program is measured with the System Usability Scale (SUS), a commonly used 10-item scale that measures subjective perceptions of usability. Items are answered on a 5-point scale (0=Strongly disagree; 4=Strongly agree); scores on the scale are summed and multiplied by 2.5, such that they range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better usability (better outcome). The SUS has been normed, and scoring produces an overall usability "grade" (Brooke, 1996; Sauro, 2011). This measure is obtained from the youth at post-test.
| score on a scale | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Parent) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Youth) |
|---|---|---|
| System Usability Scale - Child Report | — | 63.93 ± 18.98 |
The Parenting Practices Inventory (PPI) - Inconsistent Discipline Subscale (Metzler, Taylor, \& Foster, 2006) was used to measure the degree to which the parents are inconsistent in their discipline practices. Parents answer 4 items about inconsistent discipline practices on a 7-point frequency scale (1 = Never; 7 = Always). Scores on these 4 items are averaged together; the subscale scores range from 1 to 7. Higher scores indicate more inconsistent discipline practices (worse outcome).
| score on a scale | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Parent) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Youth) |
|---|---|---|
| Pretest (T1) | 2.62 ± 0.92 | — |
| Posttest (T2) | 2.25 ± 0.76 | — |
The Parenting Practices Inventory (PPI) - Positive Reinforcement Subscale (Metzler, Taylor, \& Foster, 2006) was used to measure how much parents utilize positive reinforcement to promote positive behavior in their children. Parents answer 6 items about their likelihood of using different positive reinforcement techniques when their child behaves well or does a good job, on a 7-point scale (1 = Not at all likely; 7 = Extremely likely), 1 item about how often in an average week they praise or reward their child for doing a good job at home or school, on a 7-point scale (1 = Less than once per week; 7 = More than 10 times per day), and 2 items about how many times they have used positive reinforcement in the past 2 days for anything their child did well, on a 7-point scale (1 = Never; 7 = More than 7 times). Scores on these 9 items are averaged together; the Positive Reinforcement subscale scores range from 1 to 7. Higher scores indicate more positive reinforcement (better outcome).
| score on a scale | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Parent) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Youth) |
|---|---|---|
| Pretest (T1) | 4.53 ± 0.82 | — |
| Posttest (T2) | 4.80 ± 1.04 | — |
The CASY Parent-Child Relationship Scales - Parent-Child Conflict Subscale (Metzler, Biglan, Ary, \& Li, 1998) is used to measure conflict between the parent and child. Items were originally adapted from Prinz, Foster, Kent, \& O'Leary (1979). For the Parent-Child Conflict Subscale, 4 items ask parents how often four different conflict situations happened over the past week; parents answer on a 7-point frequency scale (1= Never; 7 = more than 7 times). Scores on these 4 items are averaged together; subscale scores range from 1 to 7. Higher scores indicate more parent-child conflict (worse outcome).
| score on a scale | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Parent) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Youth) |
|---|---|---|
| Pretest (T1) | 1.72 ± 0.42 | — |
| Posttest (T2) | 1.53 ± 0.59 | — |
The CASY Parent-Child Relationship Scales - Positive Family Relations Subscale (Metzler, Biglan, Ary, \& Li, 1998) is used to measure positive relationships between the parent and child. Items were originally adapted from Moos and Moos (1986). For the Positive Family Relations Subscale, 6 items ask parents about the degree to which they have had a positive relationship with their child (3 items) and in the family in general (3 items) over the past month; parents answer on a 7-point "how true" scale (1= Never true; 7 = Always true). Scores on these 6 items are averaged together; subscale scores range from 1 to 7. Higher scores indicate a more positive relationship (better outcome).
| score on a scale | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Parent) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Youth) |
|---|---|---|
| Pretest (T1) | 5.17 ± 1.05 | — |
| Posttest (T2) | 5.70 ± 1.42 | — |
The frequency of parents' engagement in the parenting practices targeted by the FamilyNet intervention is measured via the Program-Targeted Parenting Practices - Frequency Subscale (Metzler, Smith, Feil, \& Marquez, 2023). Created for this study, these 8 items ask parents to report the frequency with which they have engaged in target parenting practices in the past 4 weeks; parents report their frequency on a 6-point scale (0 = "Never in the past month;" 5 = "Every day"). Averaged scores range from 0 to 5, with higher scores indicating more frequent parental engagement in the target activities (better outcome).
| score on a scale | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Parent) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Youth) |
|---|---|---|
| Pretest (T1) | 2.38 ± 0.65 | — |
| Posttest (T2) | 2.89 ± 0.55 | — |
Parents' self-efficacy for engaging in the parenting practices targeted by the FamilyNet intervention is measured via the Program-Targeted Parenting Practices - Parental Self-Efficacy Subscale (Metzler, Smith, Feil, \& Marquez, 2023). Created for this study, these 6 items ask parents to rate how confident they are that they know how to do a series of parenting practices targeted by the program, on a scale of 1 to 10 (1 = Not confident at all; 10 = Highly confident). Averaged scores range from 1 to 10, with higher scores indicating greater parental self-efficacy in doing the targeted behavior (better outcome).
| score on a scale | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Parent) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Youth) |
|---|---|---|
| Pretest (T1) | 6.14 ± 1.68 | — |
| Posttest (T2) | 7.08 ± 2.16 | — |
The Parent Daily Report (PDR; Chamberlain \& Reid, 1987) is used to measure parents' report of their children's positive and negative behaviors over the past 24 hours. For the PDR Positive Behavior Subscale, parents are asked to indicate the extent to which 7 positive behaviors occurred in the past 24 hours on a 4-point scale (0 = Not at all; 3 = A lot). The scores from these 7 items are averaged together, and the average score ranges from 0 to 3. Higher scores indicate more positive behavior (better outcome).
| score on a scale | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Parent) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Youth) |
|---|---|---|
| Pretest (T1) | 1.99 ± 0.70 | — |
| Posttest (T2) | 2.19 ± 0.72 | — |
The Parent Daily Report (PDR; Chamberlain \& Reid, 1987) is used to measure parents' report of their children's positive and negative behaviors over the past 24 hours. For the PDR Negative Behavior Subscale, parents are asked to indicate the extent to which 19 negative behaviors occurred in the past 24 hours on a 7-point scale (0 = 0; 6 = 6 or more). The scores from these 19 items are averaged together, and the average score ranges from 0 to 6. Higher scores indicate more negative behavior (worse outcome).
| score on a scale | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Parent) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Youth) |
|---|---|---|
| Pretest (T1) | 0.89 ± 0.73 | — |
| Posttest (T2) | 0.84 ± 0.97 | — |
Families' usage of the FamilyNet program is measured through usage metrics collected on the back-end database, including the number of families that used the program and the number of times the program was used by families. For the Number of Families that Used the Program metric, families are identified either as (a) used the program at least once, or (b) did not use the program at all. "Usage" is defined as either the parent or the child used the program at least once during the program period (after the initial monitoring period). Higher levels for all usage metrics indicate greater program use.
| Participants | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Parent) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Youth) |
|---|---|---|
| Used FamilyNet Program | 11 | 11 |
| Did not use FamilyNet Program | 7 | 7 |
Families' usage of the FamilyNet program is measured through usage metrics collected on the back-end database, including the number of families that used the program and the number of times the program was used by families. For number of Times the Program was Used, each instance of a family's "usage," defined as either the parent or the child using the program, was counted over the course of the intervention period (after the initial monitoring period). Higher levels for all usage metrics indicate greater program use.
| number of uses per family | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Parent) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Youth) |
|---|---|---|
| Families' Usage of the FamilyNet Program - Number of Times the Program Was Used | 10.45 ± 4.23 | — |
Collected over Adverse event data was collected from completion of consent form through the final 4 week assessment period.. Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.
| Group | Deaths | Serious | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Parent) | 0/21 (0%) | 0/21 (0%) | 0/21 (0%) |
| FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application (Youth) | 0/21 (0%) | 0/21 (0%) | 0/21 (0%) |
Baseline characteristics are shown in two columns: Parent (self-report; n=21) and Youth (parent-reported demographics for the participating child; n=21). Only Parents were assessed and data was collected. Youth had no baseline outcome measures; Youth first outcomes were collected at T2. Category counts use "Unknown/Not Reported" when applicable.
| Age, Continuous(years) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application - Parent | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application - Youth | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 41.70 ± 5.54 | 12.81 ± 2.58 | 27.26 ± 15.23 |
| Sex: Female, Male(Participants) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application - Parent | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application - Youth | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 21 | 10 | 31 |
| Male | 0 | 11 | 11 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)(Participants) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application - Parent | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application - Youth | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hispanic or Latino | 1 | 5 | 6 |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 20 | 16 | 36 |
| Unknown or Not Reported | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Race (NIH/OMB)(Participants) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application - Parent | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application - Youth | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Asian | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Black or African American | 6 | 3 | 9 |
| White | 10 | 8 | 18 |
| More than one race | 2 | 8 | 10 |
| Unknown or Not Reported | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Relationship Status(Participants) | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application - Parent | FamilyNet Smart Speaker/Mobile Application - Youth | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Single, never married | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| Single, divorced | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| Single, widowed | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Unmarried, living with partner | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Married | 11 | 0 | 11 |
| Married, separated | 1 | 0 | 1 |
PDFs hosted by the registry, ClinicalTrials.gov.
Ran from Mar 2024 to primary completion in Dec 2024, 9 months.
Results were first posted in May 2026, 1 year 4 months after primary completion.
Of 36 interventional studies with no phase under Oppositional Defiant Disorder, half reached primary completion within 28 months of starting (the median), counting those still running; a quarter within 19 and three quarters within 48. This study's 9 months is below that.
How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder →
Oregon Research Behavioral Intervention Strategies, Inc. →