An interventional study of Glasses to correct presbyopia in Presbyopia, sponsored by Queen's University, Belfast. Active, not recruiting at 1 site in Bangladesh. Open to participants aged 48 Years to 70 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-11-09.
Sponsored by Queen's University, Belfast · Not applicable, Interventional, and Treatment
The aim of the proposed Randomised Clinical Trial (RCT) is to assess the impact of presbyopia correction and basic digital financial training on greater adoption and use of digital financial services (primary outcome) and other welfare impacts (secondary outcomes)) for safety-net beneficiaries in Bangladesh. Trial participants will be Old Age Allowance (OAA) and Widows Allowance (WA) beneficiaries who regularly receive payments as part of a government safety net program for the very poor.
The primary objective of the THRIFT trial is to assess whether the combined complementary intervention of providing free eyeglasses and basic digital financial services training in the use of mobile phones to recipients of government OAA and WA safety-net payments can lead to greater financial inclusion and improved quality of life.
THRIFT's primary outcome is the adoption and effective use of the DFS platform in receiving digital OAA and WA transfers using the mobile banking platform, as measured by the difference between the treatment and control groups.
The secondary outcomes analysed under the THRIFT trial will be:
total data consumption, independent use of the mobile banking application, purchase of eyeglasses (for control group members), access to medication and healthcare, subjective well-being, mobility, social connectedness, percentage of household consumption, reasons for using or avoiding smartphone based DFS, and decision-making power within the household.
Background and Rationale: The proliferation of mobile banking systems across developing countries has provided previously un-banked populations with a convenient method to manage their finances digitally. The Government of Bangladesh launched the Old Age Allowance (OAA) and Widow Allowance (WA) programmes in 1998 to provide a financial safety net to its poor and vulnerable population - elderly under OAA and vulnerable women under WA. More than half of Bangladesh adults lack access to a formal bank account, with most of the un-banked population belonging to the poorest 40% of households. Mobile money, through applications such as bKash, has become the "innovation" to improve the financial inclusion scenario in Bangladesh, especially during the coronavirus pandemic. The take-up of mobile money is often limited by a lack of technical awareness and trust concerns among the elderly. Lee et al. (2021) have addressed these concerns through an intervention consisting of initial training and subsequent minor assistance in using the bKash mobile banking application, which they randomised over a sample of poor households in rural Bangladesh. They found an increase of 7.5% in rural consumption, a reduction in extreme poverty and a 26% increase in urban to rural remittances among the sample participants using bKash a year after the intervention. Across Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs), experimental studies encouraging adoption of mobile money applications have been shown to improve consumption smoothing, savings and access to credit. There is evidence to support the theory that a training module introducing the elderly to mobile banking will help bridge strong information and trust gaps, and encourage greater financial independence. As traditional joint family structures weaken in South Asian societies, greater economic independence among older populations has the potential to improve their functional independence, level of healthcare access, and mental well-being. Evidence suggests that there is a substantial burden of uncorrected presbyopia in Bangladesh. Uncorrected vision problems have been found to negatively affect visual function, which includes smart phone and mobile phone usage among the elderly in multiple LMIC contexts. It has also been found to affect productivity among tea plantation workers performing visually demanding tasks in Assam, India. This can lead to lower engagement with mobile banking platforms, which in turn can limit elderly people's access to their finances. Conversely, correction of presbyopia is associated with significant improvements in work productivity and other economically important outcomes.
The proposed THRIFT trial is the first randomised trial to examine two important determinants of mobile banking among an elderly and financially vulnerable population in a developing country context: lack of awareness about the use of mobile banking, and uncorrected age-related decline in near vision, presbyopia.
The aim of the proposed RCT trial is to assess the impact of presbyopia correction and basic digital financial training (combined complementary intervention) on greater adoption and use of digital financial services (primary outcome) and other welfare impacts (secondary outcomes) for safety-net beneficiaries in an LMIC.
JPGSPH will gather the beneficiary list of the OAA and WA from the Department of Social Service, Government of Bangladesh.
Consent for Social screening and vision screening is obtained by Community Health workers (CHW) of MOMODa Foundation (MF) and consented participants are assigned the Unique participant Identifier (ID).
All the relevant documents are verified before proceeding to the social screening.
Social screening including numeracy, dexterity and cognitive test (NDC test) is done to confirm eligibility.
Eligible participant list is shared with VisionSpring (VS) team after obtaining consent for vision examinations.
VS CHWs and Programs officers conduct door-to door eye-screening for presbyopia diagnosis and eligible participant list is shared with MF for proceeding with baseline survey. Consent for baseline survey and trial is obtained by MF, followed by randomisation.
Treatment group gets the eyeglasses, mobile phone and basic training on the usage of the mobile phone and mobile banking application.
Control group gets mobile phone and basic instructions to use the mobile phone and prescription for glasses. Eyeglasses to the control group are provided at the end of the study.
VS team conducts 2 follow up visits per participant, one month and 6 months after receiving glasses with a one month additional window for each visit.
Study Setting:
The research will be conducted in Kurigram Sadar and Nageshwari, two sub-districts within the Kurigram district located in northern Bangladesh. These districts are in bKash catchment area for the Department of Social Services safety-net payments. Specifically, the study will take place in nine unions, seven in Kurigram Sadar and two in Nageshwari.
Recruitment: This will begin with the receipt of the list identifying OAA and WA beneficiaries living in Kurigram district from the Department of Social Service, Government of Bangladesh.
Before visiting the beneficiaries' households, the enumerators will make phone calls to schedule appointments.
MF will conduct a door-to-door social screening survey based on the eligibility criteria.
Numeracy, Dexterity and Cognition (NDC) Test: The study participants who will meet all inclusion criteria up to this point and attended the Social Screening Survey will undergo a basic numeracy and a functional literacy test. This is to assess if they can conduct basic operations using a phone, such as recognising numbers and using the smartphone screen number pad to enter numbers.
Before conducting the social screening survey and NDC test, beneficiaries will be requested to familiarise themselves with the numbers (English) from 0 to 9 prior to the scheduled household visit.
During this test, beneficiaries will be requested if they can see the numbers on app and based on the visual demand they will be given +1, +2 or +3 reading glasses starting with +1 for 48-50 age group, +2 for 51-60 age group, and +3 >60 age.
Presbyopia diagnosis: Door-to-door eye screening examinations will be done to all the identified OAA and WA beneficiaries in the selected district who consent to be screened.
Baseline Survey: After undergoing social screening, NDC test, and vision screening, the individuals will be selected for the baseline survey.
RANDOMISATION AND PROCEDURES Participants will be randomly assigned to either the Intervention or Control Group using following procedure.
The randomization sequence will be generated by the study statistician at the L.V. Prasad Eye Institute Clinical Trials Unit (LVPEI CTU) using a pre-written code in Stata. Separate randomisation sequences will be prepared in advance for each of the 12 possible strata.
Allocation concealment mechanism The allocation sequence will be in a password protected location stored in designated folder for THRIFT by James P Grant School of public Health (JPGSPH) and will be accessed by the concealment implementers only.
The implementation team will receive a list of beneficiaries and their respective group allocation based on the baseline data collected. The group allocation for a participant will be revealed from the list and the participant is enrolled.
Blinding/Masking The trial will be investigator-masked, but CHWs, other fieldwork personnel and the participants will not be masked to Intervention Group assignment.
ANALYSIS Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics will be reported for all participants in the sample, excluding protocol deviations randomised in error where Informed Consent has not been obtained. Baseline characteristics will be summarised by their means and standard deviations, medians and interquartile ranges, or numbers and percentages as appropriate.
An intention to treat (ITT) approach will be used to analyse the trial outcomes. This will involve regressing the outcome of concern on the randomised intervention status, difference in differences (DID) for panel data will be used for analysis. The primary analysis will be stratified by (1) WA recipients vs OAA recipients (2) incoming vs. outgoing transactions, and (3) smartphone-based vs. non-smartphone-based transactions (e.g. kiosk use).(4) participant-initiated vs non-participant-initiated transactions." All analyses will be adjusted for age, gender, and previous phone use. Random imbalances may occur hence, both the crude and adjusted estimates will be presented, but the primary inference will be based on the adjusted analysis. Several studies with regional and rural samples have found vision problems to affect ageing populations in Bangladesh. Uncorrected vision problems have been found to negatively affect visual function, for example, smartphone and mobile phone usage among the elderly in multiple LMIC contexts.The rates of mobile banking usage, as measured in the primary outcomes, will be compared across groups of participants based on the basis of age, education, household income and other socioeconomic variables. Standard errors will be clustered at the individual level for this analysis. However, for high-frequency outcome variables (such as app-based financial transactions) data will be aggregated at the appropriate level (either monthly or weekly or quarterly), with errors clustered at the household level. Outcome variables that are binary in nature will be analysed using Linear Probability Model Method.
Participants will be described with respect to the following characteristics at trial entry:
Age, Sex, Education level, Uncorrected, presenting and corrected distance visual acuity in each eye separately and both eyes together, Ownership of glasses for the correction of distance vision and self-reported regularity of use Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ-25), Rural residence, Attitudes towards vision correction, Access to local eye care services, history of uptake of eye care services.
Numbers (with percentages) for binary and categorical variables and means (and standard deviations), or medians (with lower and upper quartiles) for continuous variables will be presented; there will be no tests of statistical significance performed nor confidence intervals calculated for differences between groups on any baseline variables (for instance mid-way through trial from Interim Analysis).
Economic Evaluation An economic evaluation of the intervention will be conducted using cost-effectiveness analysis. Data will be collected on the incremental cost of providing eyeglasses to the Intervention Group to calculate the incremental cost per quality-of-life measure, which will help assess the cost-effectiveness of the intervention.
No planned interim analysis will be undertaken due to the short duration of the study.
336 studies on the registry are indexed under Presbyopia; 35 are open to participants now.
This study's enrollment of 571 is above the median of 61 across 276 interventional studies indexed under Presbyopia.
Browse Presbyopia studies →Queen's University, Belfast is the lead sponsor of 117 studies on the registry; 14 are open to participants now.
Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.
The criteria were revised on the registry on Nov 9, 2026. See what changed
Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.
Age
Presbyopia
Exclusion criteria
The intervention is the provision of glasses to correct presbyopia plus digital financial training to use bKash, a popular mobile banking application that is becoming the preferred mode of transferring payments to the bank accounts of OAA and WA beneficiaries in Bangladesh.
Device: Glasses to correct presbyopia
Mobile phone with preloaded bank transaction tracking app: Participants will be provided a basic mobile phone handset. The bank transaction tracking application that is being developed to measure the primary outcomes for this trial will be installed on these phones before giving them to the participants. A mobile data pack will also be remotely loaded on the mobile phone to facilitate internet access for mobile banking. Eyeglasses: These participants will receive a free pair of eyeglasses at the conclusion of the study to correct refractive errors, unless they have obtained such glasses on their own during the study.
Participants will receive eyeglasses to correct presbyopia, as per the power determined in the eye examination.
Change in the average number, difference in the mean value, difference in the mean total value of transactions per participant per quarter comparing a 12-month period before the intervention to a 18-month period after the intervention
This will be calculated using both the incoming and outgoing transaction level data from bKash.
Time frame: Once every quarter through study completion (up to 18 months)
Application was facilitated by a bKash agent or family member, or independently by the beneficiary.
Whether use of the application was facilitated by a bKash agent or family member, or independently by the beneficiary. This will be collected using the baseline and endline surveys developed for the trial. Categorical
Time frame: Change from baseline to 18 months
Purchase of additional phones by study participant's household
Purchase of additional phones per household is assessed using the endline survey. Any purchase recorded with either Yes or No
Time frame: Change from baseline to 18 months
Purchase of additional phones by study participant
Purchase of additional phones by the individual is assessed using the endline survey. Any purchase recorded with either Yes or No
Time frame: Change from baseline to 18 months
Intra-household resource sharing by the beneficiary
Percentage of resource shared by the beneficiary from total household consumption is assessed using the survey instrument developed for the trial. Best score is 100 and worst score is 0.
Time frame: Change from baseline to 18 months
Purchase of glasses other than those issued to the intervention group
Glasses purchased by the study participant is assessed using the endline survey instrument developed for the trial. A binary outcome with either Yes or No.
Time frame: Change from baseline to 18 months
Food security
Participants perception of the nutrition and quantity of their daily food consumption is measured using standard module developed by World Food Programme (WFP). This is a categorical (mild, moderate, severe) index with larger values indicating higher levels of food insecurity.
Time frame: Up to 18 months
Role of study participant in household decision making autonomy
The onus of decision making for different household activities by the participant is assessed using the baseline and endline survey instruments developed for the trial. Best score is 100% and worst score is 0%
Time frame: Change from baseline to 18 months
Subjective well-being of study participants, quality of life
Participants satisfaction with various aspects of their life such as personal relationships is assessed using the Quality of Life survey EuroQoL-5 Dimensions-5Levels(EQ-5D-5L). Best score is 100 and worst score is 0.
Time frame: Change from baseline to 18 months
Subjective well-being of study participants, vision assessment
Participants satisfaction with various aspects of their life such as their health is assessed using the Near Activity Visual Questionnaire (NAVQ). Best score is 100 and worst score is 0.
Time frame: Change from baseline to 18 months
Mobility of study participant
Participants comfort in regular physical activities is assessed using International Physical Activity questionnaire (IPAQ) is collected at baseline and endline.
Time frame: Change from baseline to 18 months
Social connectedness of study participant
Participants engagement with their family members, friends and neighbors is assessed using baseline and endline surveys. The best possible score is 12 and the worst possible score is 0.
Time frame: Change from baseline to 18 months
Reasons for uptake or avoidance of smartphone based DFS.
Reasons for using or avoiding smartphone based DFS among the participants is surveyed and analysed as a categorical outcome.
Time frame: Once every quarter through study completion (up to 18 months)
Incidence of theft or fraudulent use of money
Self-reported incidents on theft from the index participant's bank account using the baseline survey. A binary outcome with either Yes or No
Time frame: Up to 18 months
Assessment of depressive disorders
Participants' mental health is assessed using Patient Health Questionnaire 9 during the endline survey as a continuous variable.
Time frame: 18 months
PDFs hosted by the registry, ClinicalTrials.gov.
Plan to share: Yes — All Individual Participant Data (IPD) will be stored in anonymised format. The IPD that includes personal identifiable information will be deleted when the data collection process is complete and before the initiation of data analysis. Only de-identified data will be shared with all the researchers for analysis. The primary analysis will be conducted on all outcome data obtained from all enrolled participants as randomised.
Supporting information: Study protocol, Statistical analysis plan, Clinical study report, Analytic code
Time frame: All deidentified IPD will be available from publication of the primary results until 10 years after the end of the trial.
Access criteria: Following publication of the primary and secondary outcomes there may be scope to conduct additional analyses on the data collected. In such instances formal requests for data will need to be made in writing to the Chief Investigator, who will discuss this with the Sponsor. The study will comply with the good practice principles for sharing individual participant data from publicly funded clinical trials and data sharing will be undertaken in accordance with the required regulatory requirements.
Ran from Dec 2023 to primary completion in Sep 2025, 20 months.
Of 42 non-industry interventional studies with no phase under Presbyopia, half reached primary completion within 15 months of starting (the median), counting those still running; a quarter within 7 and three quarters within 23. This study's 20 months is above that.
Counting every sponsor, half of 129 studies reached it within 10 months; a quarter within 3 and three quarters within 23.
Completion moved once since we started tracking on Sep 25, 2026: Oct 2026 → Dec 2026, on Nov 9, 2026.
Earlier changes are on the record history on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.
From the registry record's own update history. This site started tracking changes on Sep 25, 2026; for anything earlier, see the record history on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
This study is active, not recruiting, as verified in Nov 2026. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.
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