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CompletedNCT05483036Updated Sep 19, 2025

Perception in Parkinson's Disease

An observational study in Parkinson's Disease, Perception and Visual Hallucination, sponsored by Boston University Charles River Campus. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 40 Years to 110 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2025-09-19.

Sponsored by Boston University Charles River Campus · Observational

Study type
Observational
Model
Case-only
Time perspective
Cross-sectional
Enrollment
54
Ages
40 Years to 110 Years
Sex
All
01

Study summary

The investigators plan to examine the relation of perceptual variables-basic vision, unusual perceptual experiences(including but not limited to visual hallucinations)-to relevant functional variables such as cognition, mood, and alertness/sleepiness in an online sample of persons with Parkinson's disease (PwPD). It is hypothesized that unusual perceptual experiences will relate significantly to the selected variables. Participants do not need to experience visual hallucinations to be able to participate in this study. This is an observational study only, and not an interventional study.

Read the detailed description

For this study, the investigators propose to conduct an online study of PwPD (proposing a total of 60 participants) to examine the relations among variables that may relate to perception in PD. Those PwPD who express interest will be sent a link to an online survey (Qualtrics). The investigators will collect demographic and health information, followed by questionnaires assessing unusual perceptual experiences, mood, motivation, sleep, fatigue and quality of life. The survey should take roughly 45 minutes to an hour to complete.

Compensation: A $20 Amazon gift card will be offered to those who complete the survey all the way through with good effort.

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Conditions studied

  • Parkinson's Disease
  • Perception
  • Visual Hallucination
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In context

Parkinson Disease

4,573 studies on the registry are indexed under Parkinson Disease; 1,086 are open to participants now.

This study's enrollment of 54 is below the median of 96 across 1,085 observational studies indexed under Parkinson Disease.

Browse Parkinson Disease studies →

Lead sponsor

Boston University Charles River Campus is the lead sponsor of 159 studies on the registry; 33 are open to participants now.

Of its 14 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 9 (64%) have results posted.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

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Who can participate

Ages eligible
40 Years to 110 Years
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
No
Sampling method
Non-probability sample

Study population

PwPD volunteering for an online study

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

  • Participants must be at least 40 years old
  • Have a self-reported diagnosis of idiopathic PD
  • Be proficient English speakers
  • Have functional vision
  • Have internet access, and access to a desktop computer or laptop

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Self-reported poor vision (non-functional range)
  • Lack of access to internet and either a desktop computer or laptop
05

Study design

Observational model
Case-only
Time perspective
Cross-sectional
Enrollment
54 participants (actual)
Patient registry
No

Groups and cohorts

  • Persons with Parkinson's disease (PwPD)
06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Noise Pareidolia Test

    Assesses tendency to see meaningful objects such as faces, animals, and objects in ambiguous patterns. Higher scores (on items with no face) indicate a higher number of pareidolic responses.

    Time frame: Baseline

  2. Mooney Faces

    Assesses the ability to see an upright, inverted, or scrambled face in a black and white pattern. Higher scores (on items with no face) indicate a higher number of pareidolic responses.

    Time frame: Baseline

  3. BU Hallucinations and Unusual Perceptual Experiences questionnaire (BU-HUPE)

    Assesses different types of visual hallucinations - simple VH; illusions; minor hallucinations: vivid sense of presence or movement in periphery (passage); and complex VH (e.g., people, animals, objects), as well as temporal and descriptive characteristics of the hallucinations. Higher scores indicate more unusual perceptual experiences.

    Time frame: Baseline

  4. Prodromal Questionnaire, Brief Version (PQ-B)

    Assesses risk for psychosis by asking about positive symptoms and related distress/impairment. Higher scores indicate higher risk for psychosis and higher related distress.

    Time frame: Baseline

  5. Parkinson's Disease - Psychotic Symptoms Scale (PD-PSS)

    Assesses the frequency and severity of minor hallucinations (passage hallucinations, presence hallucinations, visual illusions), and structured hallucinations in PD. Higher scores indicate higher frequency of psychotic symptoms.

    Time frame: Baseline

  6. Penn Online Evaluation of Migraine (POEM)

    Assesses headaches and migraine-related history.

    Time frame: Baseline

  7. Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)

    Assesses a person's general level of daytime sleepiness. Maximum Score: 24. Higher scores indicate a higher chance of dozing.

    Time frame: Baseline

  8. Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale-2

    Assesses sleep and nocturnal disturbances in Parkinson's disease. Maximum score: 60. Higher scores indicate more frequent sleep disturbances.

    Time frame: Baseline

  9. Parkinson's Anxiety Scale (PAS)

    Assesses the severity of anxiety symptoms in persons with Parkinson's disease. Maximum score:48. Higher scores indicate more severe anxiety.

    Time frame: Baseline

  10. Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)

    Assesses depressive symptoms in the general population. Maximum score:60. Higher scores indicate more severe depression.

    Time frame: Baseline

  11. Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire - 39 (PDQ-39)

    Assesses Parkinson's disease-specific health-related quality of life. Higher scores indicate worse quality of life.

    Time frame: Baseline

  12. NIH NeuroQoL measures

    Assesses health-related quality of life in adults with neurological disorders. Higher scores on the sub-scales indicate worse outcomes.

    Time frame: Baseline

  13. The Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS)

    Assesses motor and non-motor experiences of daily living in Parkinson's disease. Higher scores indicate increased severity of motor and non-motor symptoms.

    Time frame: Baseline

  14. Non-Motor Symptoms Questionnaire (NMSQ)

    Assesses a range of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Higher scores indicate the presence of more non-motor symptoms.

    Time frame: Baseline

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Study locations

1 site
  • Vision and Cognition Laboratory, Boston University
    Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
08

References and documents

Publications

  • Schapira AHV, Chaudhuri KR, Jenner P. Non-motor features of Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2017 Jul;18(7):435-450. doi: 10.1038/nrn.2017.62. Epub 2017 Jun 8. PubMed 28592904 ↗
  • Barnes J, David AS. Visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: a review and phenomenological survey. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001 Jun;70(6):727-33. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.70.6.727. PubMed 11385004 ↗
  • Chang A, Fox SH. Psychosis in Parkinson's Disease: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management. Drugs. 2016 Jul;76(11):1093-118. doi: 10.1007/s40265-016-0600-5. PubMed 27312429 ↗
  • Fenelon G, Mahieux F, Huon R, Ziegler M. Hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: prevalence, phenomenology and risk factors. Brain. 2000 Apr;123 ( Pt 4):733-45. doi: 10.1093/brain/123.4.733. PubMed 10734005 ↗
  • Gibson G, Mottram PG, Burn DJ, Hindle JV, Landau S, Samuel M, Hurt CS, Brown RG, M Wilson KC. Frequency, prevalence, incidence and risk factors associated with visual hallucinations in a sample of patients with Parkinson's disease: a longitudinal 4-year study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013 Jun;28(6):626-31. doi: 10.1002/gps.3869. Epub 2012 Aug 28. PubMed 22927195 ↗
  • Mack J, Rabins P, Anderson K, Goldstein S, Grill S, Hirsch ES, Lehmann S, Little JT, Margolis RL, Palanci J, Pontone G, Weiss H, Williams JR, Marsh L. Prevalence of psychotic symptoms in a community-based Parkinson disease sample. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012 Feb;20(2):123-32. doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e31821f1b41. PubMed 21617521 ↗
  • Ibarretxe-Bilbao N, Ramirez-Ruiz B, Junque C, Marti MJ, Valldeoriola F, Bargallo N, Juanes S, Tolosa E. Differential progression of brain atrophy in Parkinson's disease with and without visual hallucinations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010 Jun;81(6):650-7. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2009.179655. Epub 2009 Dec 3. PubMed 19965847 ↗
  • Ibarretxe-Bilbao N, Junque C, Marti MJ, Tolosa E. Cerebral basis of visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: structural and functional MRI studies. J Neurol Sci. 2011 Nov 15;310(1-2):79-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.06.019. Epub 2011 Jun 25. PubMed 21705027 ↗
  • Goldman JG, Stebbins GT, Dinh V, Bernard B, Merkitch D, deToledo-Morrell L, Goetz CG. Visuoperceptive region atrophy independent of cognitive status in patients with Parkinson's disease with hallucinations. Brain. 2014 Mar;137(Pt 3):849-59. doi: 10.1093/brain/awt360. Epub 2014 Jan 29. PubMed 24480486 ↗
  • Lenka A, Jhunjhunwala KR, Saini J, Pal PK. Structural and functional neuroimaging in patients with Parkinson's disease and visual hallucinations: A critical review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015 Jul;21(7):683-91. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.04.005. Epub 2015 Apr 17. PubMed 25920541 ↗
  • Ramirez-Ruiz B, Marti MJ, Tolosa E, Gimenez M, Bargallo N, Valldeoriola F, Junque C. Cerebral atrophy in Parkinson's disease patients with visual hallucinations. Eur J Neurol. 2007 Jul;14(7):750-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01768.x. PubMed 17594330 ↗
  • Goetz CG, Vaughan CL, Goldman JG, Stebbins GT. I finally see what you see: Parkinson's disease visual hallucinations captured with functional neuroimaging. Mov Disord. 2014 Jan;29(1):115-7. doi: 10.1002/mds.25554. Epub 2013 Jul 10. PubMed 23843193 ↗
  • Stebbins GT, Goetz CG, Carrillo MC, Bangen KJ, Turner DA, Glover GH, Gabrieli JD. Altered cortical visual processing in PD with hallucinations: an fMRI study. Neurology. 2004 Oct 26;63(8):1409-16. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000141853.27081.bd. PubMed 15505157 ↗
  • Weil RS, Reeves S. Hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: new insights into mechanisms and treatments. Adv Clin Neurosci Rehabil. 2020 Jul 13;19(4):ONNS5189. doi: 10.47795/ONNS5189. eCollection 2020 Summer. PubMed 33102741 ↗
  • O'Brien J, Taylor JP, Ballard C, Barker RA, Bradley C, Burns A, Collerton D, Dave S, Dudley R, Francis P, Gibbons A, Harris K, Lawrence V, Leroi I, McKeith I, Michaelides M, Naik C, O'Callaghan C, Olsen K, Onofrj M, Pinto R, Russell G, Swann P, Thomas A, Urwyler P, Weil RS, Ffytche D. Visual hallucinations in neurological and ophthalmological disease: pathophysiology and management. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020 May;91(5):512-519. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2019-322702. Epub 2020 Mar 25. PubMed 32213570 ↗
  • Zhu K, van Hilten JJ, Putter H, Marinus J. Risk factors for hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: results from a large prospective cohort study. Mov Disord. 2013 Jun;28(6):755-62. doi: 10.1002/mds.25389. Epub 2013 Mar 20. PubMed 23520046 ↗
  • Ffytche DH, Pereira JB, Ballard C, Chaudhuri KR, Weintraub D, Aarsland D. Risk factors for early psychosis in PD: insights from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;88(4):325-331. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-314832. PubMed 28315846 ↗
  • Muller AJ, Shine JM, Halliday GM, Lewis SJ. Visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: theoretical models. Mov Disord. 2014 Nov;29(13):1591-8. doi: 10.1002/mds.26004. Epub 2014 Aug 22. PubMed 25154807 ↗
  • Schwartzman D, Maravic K, Kranczioch C, Barnes J. Altered early visual processing components in hallucination-prone individuals. Neuroreport. 2008 Jun 11;19(9):933-7. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e328301a640. PubMed 18520996 ↗
  • Archibald NK, Clarke MP, Mosimann UP, Burn DJ. The retina in Parkinson's disease. Brain. 2009 May;132(Pt 5):1128-45. doi: 10.1093/brain/awp068. Epub 2009 Mar 31. PubMed 19336464 ↗
  • Davidsdottir S, Cronin-Golomb A, Lee A. Visual and spatial symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Vision Res. 2005 May;45(10):1285-96. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2004.11.006. Epub 2004 Dec 16. PubMed 15733961 ↗
  • Diederich NJ, Goetz CG, Raman R, Pappert EJ, Leurgans S, Piery V. Poor visual discrimination and visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1998 Sep-Oct;21(5):289-95. PubMed 9789709 ↗
  • Diaz-Santos M, Monge ZA, Salazar RD, Gilmore GC, Neargarder S, Cronin-Golomb A. Increasing Contrast Improves Object Perception in Parkinson's Disease with Visual Hallucinations. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2020 Nov 17;8(1):51-59. doi: 10.1002/mdc3.13104. eCollection 2021 Jan. PubMed 33426159 ↗
  • Mamiya Y, Nishio Y, Watanabe H, Yokoi K, Uchiyama M, Baba T, Iizuka O, Kanno S, Kamimura N, Kazui H, Hashimoto M, Ikeda M, Takeshita C, Shimomura T, Mori E. The Pareidolia Test: A Simple Neuropsychological Test Measuring Visual Hallucination-Like Illusions. PLoS One. 2016 May 12;11(5):e0154713. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154713. eCollection 2016. PubMed 27171377 ↗
  • Uchiyama M, Nishio Y, Yokoi K, Hosokai Y, Takeda A, Mori E. Pareidolia in Parkinson's disease without dementia: A positron emission tomography study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015 Jun;21(6):603-9. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.03.020. Epub 2015 Mar 31. PubMed 25864093 ↗
  • Murakami H, Shiraishi T, Umehara T, Omoto S, Takahashi M, Motegi H, Maku T, Sato T, Takatsu H, Komatsu T, Bono K, Sakai K, Mitsumura H, Iguchi Y. Face pareidolia is associated with right striatal dysfunction in drug-naive patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci. 2021 Dec;42(12):5327-5334. doi: 10.1007/s10072-021-05238-7. Epub 2021 Apr 22. PubMed 33884529 ↗
  • Watanabe H, Nishio Y, Mamiya Y, Narita W, Iizuka O, Baba T, Takeda A, Shimomura T, Mori E. Negative mood invites psychotic false perception in dementia. PLoS One. 2018 Jun 1;13(6):e0197968. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197968. eCollection 2018. PubMed 29856844 ↗

Individual participant data

Plan to share: No

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Updates

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Sep 19, 2025, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
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Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT05483036
Responsible party
Alice Cronin-Golomb (Director, Vision and Cognition Laboratory, Boston University Charles River Campus) — Principal investigator
First posted
Aug 1, 2022
Start date
Sep 1, 2022
Primary completion
May 1, 2025
Completion
May 1, 2025
Last update
Sep 19, 2025

Study contacts

Alice Cronin-Golomb, PhD
principal investigator · Boston University

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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