An interventional study of Modality - 3D-2D and Modality - 2D-3D in Healthy, sponsored by Oklahoma State University. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 17 Months to 30 Months, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-08-19.
Sponsored by Oklahoma State University · Not applicable, Interventional, and Basic science
The goal of this work is to address increasing concerns about young children's digital media exposure and language outcomes by testing how the times course of word learning unfolds in digital environments and the cascading impact of digital media on vocabulary outcomes. The findings will have important implications for understanding when and where optimal word learning from media can occur.
The goal of the current proposal is to identify how digital media alters the mechanisms of word learning and subsequently impacts the lexical foundation on which a child's vocabulary is built. Specifically, the proposal aims to identify the impact of digital media on 1) the processes underlying real-time word learning, and 2) the processes of language generalization and vocabulary growth. Specific Aim 1 will use a novel word learning task to test children's ability to map and retain new words within and between digital media (2D images on a tablet) and real world objects (3D objects). Specific Aim 2 will probe children's novel label generalization abilities within and between 2D and 3D modalities using a novel noun generalization task. Further, individual differences in a child's prior technology experience will be measured and used to predict overall vocabulary as well as performance within and between each task. This Clinical Trial record is focused on Specific Aim 1.
Exclusion Criteria:
All items presented in 3D form
Initial items in 3D, generalization in 2D
Behavioral: Modality - 3D-2D
Initial items in 2D, generalization in 3D
Behavioral: Modality - 2D-3D
Initial items in 2D, generalization in 2D
Behavioral: Modality - 2D-2D
Modality in which items will be presented (via tablet/digital media or as real object). 3D items initially and generalization as 2D
Also known as: digital media modality
Modality in which items will be presented (via tablet/digital media or as real object). 2D items initially and generalization as 3D
Also known as: digital media modality
Modality in which items will be presented (via tablet/digital media or as real object). 2D items initially and retention/generalization as 2D
Also known as: digital media modality
Accuracy on Referent Selection
Children's choices on each trial of the task will be measured. Correct responses are those to the target (prompted) item - for referent selection, this is the item asked for in the prompt (e.g. shoe, dog)
Time frame: 1 minute
Accuracy on Retention
Children's choices on each trial of the task will be measured. Correct responses are those to the target (prompted) item - for retention, this is the item asked for in the prompt which are the correct word-object pairing for novel items previously introduced.
Time frame: 5 minutes
Participants were recruited from Stillwater, OK and Dallas, TX
| Milestone | 3D-3D | 3D-2D | 2D-3D | 2D-2D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Started | 55 | 55 | 50 | 52 |
| Completed | 53 | 51 | 48 | 49 |
| Not completed | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 |
Children's choices on each trial of the task will be measured. Correct responses are those to the target (prompted) item - for referent selection, this is the item asked for in the prompt (e.g. shoe, dog)
| percent accuracy | 3D-3D | 3D-2D | 2D-3D | 2D-2D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accuracy on Referent Selection | 77 ± 30 | 82 ± 26 | 85 ± 18 | 84 ± 25 |
Children's choices on each trial of the task will be measured. Correct responses are those to the target (prompted) item - for retention, this is the item asked for in the prompt which are the correct word-object pairing for novel items previously introduced.
| percent accuracy | 3D-3D | 3D-2D | 2D-3D | 2D-2D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accuracy on Retention | 32 ± 25 | 34 ± 23 | 40 ± 27 | 35 ± 24 |
Collected over Adverse events were not collected. Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.
| Group | Deaths | Serious | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3D-3D | — | — | — |
| 3D-2D | — | — | — |
| 2D-3D | — | — | — |
| 2D-2D | — | — | — |
| Age, Continuous(age in months) | 3D-3D | 3D-2D | 2D-3D | 2D-2D | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 24.4 ± 4.29 | 23.78 ± 4.29 | 24.2 ± 4.57 | 24.09 ± 4.48 | 24.12 ± 4.41 |
| Sex: Female, Male(Participants) | 3D-3D | 3D-2D | 2D-3D | 2D-2D | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 16 | 19 | 23 | 26 | 84 |
| Male | 37 | 32 | 25 | 23 | 117 |
| Race (NIH/OMB)(Participants) | 3D-3D | 3D-2D | 2D-3D | 2D-2D | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Asian | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Black or African American | 4 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 14 |
| White | 34 | 39 | 35 | 41 | 149 |
| More than one race | 11 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 26 |
| Unknown or Not Reported | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 6 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)(Participants) | 3D-3D | 3D-2D | 2D-3D | 2D-2D | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hispanic or Latino | 10 | 5 | 9 | 7 | 31 |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 43 | 46 | 38 | 41 | 168 |
| Unknown or Not Reported | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Documents are hosted by the registry — open the source record to download them.
Plan to share: Yes — Studies proposed will be registered under the Open Science Framework (OSF) and resulting findings shared with the academic community through open science initiatives, including OSF and the sharing of videos (when permission is granted) on Databrary.
Supporting information: Study protocol, Sap, Analytic code
This study is completed, as verified in Jul 2026. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.
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Oklahoma State University