A Phase 2 interventional study of Probenecid in Chronic Pain, Drug Dependence of Morphine Type and Symptom, Withdrawal, sponsored by University of Calgary. Recruiting at 1 site in Canada. Open to participants aged 18 Years to 80 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-05-01.
Sponsored by University of Calgary · Phase 2, Interventional, and Treatment
The proposed clinical trial will address the problem of opioid withdrawal. Opioids are essential for pain-relief in the short term, but their continued use is associated with a host of adverse effects. People living with chronic pain who were initiated on opioid therapy now find themselves with a major life-changing problem - dependence on opioid medications. Opioid withdrawal symptoms are a key barrier to decreasing or stopping their opioid medication. Currently, there are few medications that ameliorate the symptoms of opioid withdrawal. This problem is a major part of the opioid crisis in Canada, and impacts people across all demographics and socioeconomic status. A misconception is that only individuals with opioid use disorder are susceptible to opioid withdrawal; on the contrary, appropriate use of prescription opioids to manage pain can lead to significant symptoms of opioid withdrawal when it is reduced or stopped. Patients in Alberta who are at risk for opioid withdrawal, either from prescribed use or misuse will be primarily impacted by this trial.
The investigators have recently explored the underlying causes of opioid withdrawal and identified an important target in the spinal cord that is responsible for producing withdrawal symptoms in rats and mice. The target, a protein called pannexin-1 (Panx1), is located throughout the body, specifically in the brain and spinal cord. Using sophisticated biochemical, genetic, and pharmacological techniques, the investigators demonstrated how Panx1 on immune cells is implicated in the production of opioid withdrawal symptoms after cessation of fentanyl and morphine in opioid dependent rodents. The investigators then attenuated these symptoms of withdrawal using probenecid, a drug which inherently blocks Panx1 activity. Because probenecid is a safe and clinically available drug, the findings could be immediately translated into clinical therapy to support people who are struggling with the symptoms of opioid withdrawal and provide clinicians with a safe and effective option for caring for this population.
The proposed clinical trial will address the problem of opioid withdrawal. Opioids are essential for pain-relief in the short term, but their continued use is associated with a host of adverse effects. People living with chronic pain who were initiated on opioid therapy now find themselves with a major life-changing problem - dependence on opioid medications. Opioid withdrawal symptoms are a key barrier to decreasing or stopping their opioid medication. Currently, there are few medications that ameliorate the symptoms of opioid withdrawal. This problem is a major part of the opioid crisis in Canada, and impacts people across all demographics and socioeconomic status. A misconception is that only individuals with opioid use disorder are susceptible to opioid withdrawal; on the contrary, appropriate use of prescription opioids to manage pain can lead to significant symptoms of opioid withdrawal when it is reduced or stopped. Patients in Alberta who are at risk for opioid withdrawal, either from prescribed use or misuse will be primarily impacted by this trial.
Our team has recently explored the underlying causes of opioid withdrawal and identified an important target in the spinal cord that is responsible for producing withdrawal symptoms in rats and mice. The target, a protein called pannexin-1 (Panx1), is located throughout the body, specifically in the brain and spinal cord. Using sophisticated biochemical, genetic, and pharmacological techniques, the investigators demonstrated how Panx1 on immune cells is implicated in the production of opioid withdrawal symptoms after cessation of fentanyl and morphine in opioid dependent rodents. The investigators then attenuated these symptoms of withdrawal using probenecid, a drug which inherently blocks Panx1 activity. Because probenecid is a safe and clinically available drug, the findings could be immediately translated into clinical therapy to support people who are struggling with the symptoms of opioid withdrawal and provide clinicians with a safe and effective option for caring for this population.
Probenecid was initially developed in the early 1950s as a tool to enhance the activity of penicillin and allow for outpatient treatment of various infections. It increases plasma levels and the half-life of weak organic acids (penicillins, cephalosporins, or other beta-lactam antibiotics) by competitively inhibiting their renal tubular secretion. As a result, it became widely used in combination with beta-lactam antibacterial agents. It is still occasionally used today in combination with cefazolin for the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections, and in combination with cefoxitin or doxycycline as an option for outpatient treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease.
Probenacid also competitively inhibits active reabsorption of uric acid at the level of the proximal convoluted tubule promoting excretion of uric acid, thereby reducing serum urate concentrations.
Probenecid is also used in combination with cidofovir for the prevention of cidofovir-related nephrotoxicity when used to treat cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with HIV. More recently, the effects of probenecid on serotonin levels and TRPV2 channels has led to speculation about its utility in depression, Parkinson's Disease, and congestive heart failure.
The drug is no longer commercially available in Canada but is commercially available as 500 mg tablets in the United States which can be acquired through Health Canada's Special Access Program. Probenecid can, however, be prepared in Canada by compounding pharmacies.
The study is a single centre, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, 12-week clinical trial meant to study probenecid use among adult participants living with chronic non-cancer pain using opioid drug therapy on a daily basis and planning to voluntarily reduce their dose.
3,227 studies on the registry are indexed under Chronic Pain; 729 are open to participants now.
This study's planned enrollment of 40 is below the median of 60 across 2,388 interventional studies indexed under Chronic Pain.
Browse Chronic Pain studies →University of Calgary is the lead sponsor of 703 studies on the registry; 196 are open to participants now.
Of its 10 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 2 (20%) have results posted.
Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.
Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.
Exclusion Criteria:
Current use of drugs whose exposure may be prolonged, or risk of toxicity increased when used in combination with probenecid:
Current use of drugs which may mask symptoms of withdrawal:
a. Clonidine, lofexidine, tizanidine
Current use of drugs which may diminish the effect of probenecid:
a. High dose salicylates including greater than 325 mg PO daily of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)
Participation in another clinical trial investigating a drug, medical device, or a medical procedure during the 30 days prior to enrolment.
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Underlined terms in the criteria open these too. Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
GFR (glomerular filtration rate) is how much blood the kidneys filter each minute. It is usually estimated from a blood test — eGFR, by formulas such as CKD-EPI or MDRD — and some studies ask for it to be measured directly instead. Usually given in mL/min/1.73 m².
Check the method, the units and the minimum the study states. A value of 90 or above is in the normal-or-high range, but kidney damage can show in other tests too.
Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.
You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.
GFR and eGFR (kidney filtering)
GFR (glomerular filtration rate) is how much blood the kidneys filter each minute. It is usually estimated from a blood test — eGFR, by formulas such as CKD-EPI or MDRD — and some studies ask for it to be measured directly instead. Usually given in mL/min/1.73 m².
Check the method, the units and the minimum the study states. A value of 90 or above is in the normal-or-high range, but kidney damage can show in other tests too.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Informed consent
Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.
You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Probenecid 500 mg X 1 PO BID and Placebo X 1 PO BID
Drug: Probenecid
Probenecid 500mg X 2 PO BID
Drug: Probenecid
Placebo X 2 PO BID
Drug: Probenecid
The Investigators aim to recruit 40 participants who will be followed for 12 weeks in duration. Participants will be randomized in a 2:2:1 ratio to one of probenecid 500 mg, 1000 mg, or placebo PO BID for 12 weeks. Justification for use of a non-active placebo comparator includes the fact that this trial is meant to identify tolerability and safety of probenecid in a population of patients living with chronic pain, this will be best measured by comparing to a non-active placebo.
Also known as: 4-(Dipropylsulfamoyl)benzoic acid, Benemid, Probalan
To evaluate tolerability of oral probenecid in patients undergoing voluntary opioid tapering
Tolerability will be assessed through use of the "SAFTEE-SI questionnaire recorded as a percentage for each of the three group assignments and again in two groups titled "probenecid" and "placebo". Statistical comparisons will be made between groups with regard to the percentage of participants experiencing any given adverse event. (example: rash occurred at a rate of 0% with placebo, 2% with probenecid 500 mg, and 4% with probenecid 1000 mg). Comparisons will also be made between the "probenecid group" and "placebo group" (Example: Blurred vision occurred at a rate of 2% with placebo compared to 4% with probenecid)
Time frame: 12 weeks
To evaluate acceptability of oral probenecid in patients undergoing voluntary opioid tapering
Acceptability will be measured by assessing the Percent of patients achieving 80% compliance in each group as measured by returned supply in medication vials.
Time frame: 12 weeks
To evaluate safety of oral probenecid in patients undergoing voluntary
Safety will be assessed by the clinical research team who have diagnosed the adverse events which will be recorded as a percentage for each of the three group assignments and again in two groups titled "probenecid" and "placebo". Statistical comparisons will be made between groups with regard to the percentage of participants experiencing any given adverse event. (example: rash occurred at a rate of 0% with placebo, 2% with probenecid 500 mg, and 4% with probenecid 1000 mg). Comparisons will also be made between the "probenecid group" and "placebo group" (Example: Blurred vision occurred at a rate of 2% with placebo compared to 4% with probenecid)
Time frame: 12 weeks
To evaluate the feasibility of treatment with probenecid in a patient-directed opioid tapering protocol, in the setting of an interdisciplinary pain clinic
To evaluate the feasibility of treatment with probenecid in a patient-directed opioid tapering protocol, in the setting of an interdisciplinary pain clinic. The sample size of enrolling 40 subjects over a 3 year period will be be used to evaluate the feasibility of a larger study using a similar protocol.
Time frame: 3 years
To evaluate whether Panx1 gene variants correlate with opioid withdrawal severity and response to probenecid by collecting salivary samples and performing DNA extraction in a small cohort.
A summary of association analyses between subjects DNA samples will be evaluated to determine PANX1 genetic variants and then analyzed for corellation with the study endpoints (e.g. adverse events, opioid withdrawal) and then be reported by treatment group.
Time frame: 3 years
Plan to share: No
Started Oct 2023 (actual). Primary completion is estimated for Dec 2026, 38 months after the start.
Of 48 non-industry phase 2 interventional studies under Chronic Pain, half reached primary completion within 42 months of starting (the median), counting those still running; a quarter within 25 and three quarters within 52. This study's planned 38 months is close to that.
Counting every sponsor, half of 61 studies reached it within 37 months; a quarter within 21 and three quarters within 52.
How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.
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Studies of the drug tested here: Probenecid