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CompletedNCT04807764Updated Aug 18, 2026Results posted

Transspinal Stimulation Plus Locomotor Training for SCI

An interventional study of Standing transspinal stimulation followed by robotic gait training and Lying transspinal stimulation followed by robotic gait training in Spinal Cord Injuries, Paraplegia, Spinal and Tetraplegia/Tetraparesis, sponsored by City University of New York. Completed at 2 sites in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years to 70 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-08-18.

Sponsored by City University of New York · Not applicable, Interventional, and Treatment

Phase
Not applicable
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
14
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
18 Years to 70 Years
Sex
All
01

Study summary

Locomotor training is often used with the aim to improve corticospinal function and walking ability in individuals with Spinal Cord Injury. Excitingly, the benefits of locomotor training may be augmented by noninvasive electrical stimulation of the spinal cord and enhance motor recovery at SCI. This study will compare the effects of priming locomotor training with high-frequency noninvasive thoracolumbar spinal stimulation. In people with motor-incomplete SCI, a series of clinical and electrical tests of brain and spinal cord function will be performed before and after 40 sessions of locomotor training where spinal stimulation is delivered immediately before either lying down or during standing.

Read the detailed description

Spinal cord injury (SCI) greatly impairs standing and walking ability, which severely compromises daily living activities. While these deficits are partially improved by locomotor training, even after multiple training sessions, abnormal muscle activity and coordination still persist. Thus, locomotor training alone cannot fully optimize the neuronal plasticity required to strengthen the synapses connecting the brain, spinal cord, and local circuits. As such, treatment interventions that effectively promote neuromodulation of spinal locomotor networks and strengthen neural connectivity of the injured human spinal cord in combination with physical rehabilitation are greatly needed. It is proposed that transcutaneous spinal cord (transspinal) stimulation as a method to synergistically 'prime' the nervous system to better respond to locomotor training. Transspinal stimulation alters motoneuron excitability over multiple spinal segments, a pre-requisite for functioning descending and local inputs. Importantly, whether concurrent treatment with transspinal stimulation and locomotor training maximizes motor recovery after SCI is unknown. The goal of this clinical trial is to use high frequency (30 Hz) transspinal stimulation to prime locomotor training and ultimately improve standing, walking, and overall function in individuals with chronic incomplete SCI (iSCI). Forty-five individuals with iSCI will undergo 40 sessions of body weight-supported step training primed with high-frequency transspinal stimulation. Participants will be randomized to receive transspinal stimulation during standing (real or sham) or while supine (real). Aim 1 evaluates how priming locomotor training with high-frequency transspinal stimulation in SCI alters corticomotoneuronal connectivity strength, as indicated by motor evoked potentials recorded from the legs.

Aim 2 evaluates how priming locomotor training with high-frequency transspinal stimulation in iSCI affects reorganization and appropriate engagement of spinal neuronal circuits. Finally, Aim 3 evaluates activity-based motor function, ability to stand and walk, and quality of life. These results will support the notion that tonic high-frequency transspinal stimulation strengthens corticomotoneuronal connectivity and improves spinal circuit organization through posture-dependent corticospinal neuroplasticity. It is anticipated that the information gained from this mechanistic clinical trial will greatly impact clinical practice. This is because in real-world clinical settings, noninvasive transspinal stimulation can be more easily and widely implemented than invasive epidural stimulation.

02

Conditions studied

  • Spinal Cord Injuries
  • Paraplegia, Spinal
  • Tetraplegia/Tetraparesis
  • Paraplegia, Spastic

Keywords

  • Locomotor Training
  • Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation
  • Lokomat
  • Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
  • H-Reflex
  • Spinal Neural Circuits
  • Neuroplasticity
  • Recovery
03

In context

Spinal Cord Injuries

2,025 studies on the registry are indexed under Spinal Cord Injuries; 537 are open to participants now.

This study's enrollment of 14 is below the median of 24 across 1,633 interventional studies indexed under Spinal Cord Injuries.

Browse Spinal Cord Injuries studies →

Lead sponsor

City University of New York is the lead sponsor of 12 studies on the registry; 2 are open to participants now.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years to 70 Years
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
No

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

  • Willingness to comply with all study procedures and availability for the duration of the study.
  • Ability to understand the consent form, and sign the consent form.
  • Male or female, age 18-70 years old.
  • In good general health as evidenced by medical history.
  • Diagnosed with motor incomplete SCI (AIS C-D).
  • Bone mineral density of the hip (proximal femur) T-score \<3.5 SD from age- and gender-matched normative data.
  • Lesion above thoracic (T) 10 to ensure absent lower motoneuron lesion.
  • Presence of tendon reflexes to be able to elicit the soleus H-reflex.
  • Absent permanent ankle joint contractures that prevent passive or active ankle movement because corticospinal and spinal excitability is based on the ankle angle. The ankle straps of the Lokomat require also flexible ankle joints.
  • A diagnosis of first time SCI due to trauma, vascular, or orthopedic pathology.
  • Time after SCI of more than 6 months.
  • Stable medical condition without cardiopulmonary disease or cognitive impairment.

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Supraspinal lesions.
  • Significant neuropathies of the peripheral nervous system.
  • Significant degenerative neurological disorders of the spine or spinal cord.
  • AIS A or B.
  • Presence of pressure sores.
  • Advanced urinary tract infection.
  • Neoplastic or vascular disorders of the spine or spinal cord.
  • Participation in an ongoing research study or new rehabilitation program.
  • Pregnant women or women who suspect they may be, or may become pregnant will be excluded from participation because the risks of thoracolumbar stimulation to the fetus are unknown.
  • People with cochlear implants, pacemaker, implanted infusion device, and/or implanted stimulators of any type and purpose will be excluded to avoid their malfunction due to stimulation.
  • People with history of seizures.
  • Medical conditions that increase the possibility of seizures.
  • Medications that may change the seizure threshold.
05

Study design

Phase
Not applicable
Primary purpose
Treatment
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Parallel assignment
Masking
None (open label)
Enrollment
14 participants (actual)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    Real transspinal stimulation delivered during standing followed by locomotor training

    Transspinal tonic stimulation of the thoracolumbar region will be delivered at a frequency of 30 Hz during standing with as needed body weight support (BWS) in a standing frame or in the Lokomat to ensure safety.

    Combination Product: Standing transspinal stimulation followed by robotic gait training

  • Experimental
    Real transspinal stimulation delivered while lying supine followed by locomotor training

    Transspinal tonic stimulation will be delivered at a frequency of 30 Hz while lying supine.

    Combination Product: Lying transspinal stimulation followed by robotic gait training

  • Sham comparator
    Sham transspinal stimulation delivered during standing followed by locomotor training

    One sham group will be receiving transspinal stimulation during standing at an intensity where sensation is absent.

    Other: Standing sham transspinal stimulation followed by robotic gait training

Interventions

  • Combination productStanding transspinal stimulation followed by robotic gait training

    Fifteen people with spinal cord injury will receive 40 daily sessions of 30 minutes of non-invasive high frequency (e.g. 30 Hz) transcutaneous transspinal stimulation during standing followed by 30 minutes of assisted stepping robotic gait training. Before and after training standardized clinical and neurophysiological tests will be used to assess recovery of sensorimotor function.

    Also known as: Standing transspinal stimulation

  • Combination productLying transspinal stimulation followed by robotic gait training

    Fifteen people with spinal cord injury will receive 40 daily sessions of 30 minutes of non-invasive high frequency (e.g. 30 Hz) transcutaneous transspinal stimulation while lying supine on a therapy table followed by 30 minutes of assisted stepping robotic gait training. Before and after training standardized clinical and neurophysiological tests will be used to assess recovery of sensorimotor function.

    Also known as: Lying transspinal stimulation

  • OtherStanding sham transspinal stimulation followed by robotic gait training

    Fifteen people with spinal cord injury will receive 40 daily sessions of 30 minutes of sham transspinal stimulation during standing at an intensity where sensation is absent followed by 30 minutes of robotic gait training. Before and after training standardized clinical and neurophysiological tests will be used to assess recovery of sensorimotor function.

    Also known as: Robotic gait training

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Plasticity of Spinal Neuronal Networks - Homosynaptic Depression

    Soleus H-reflexes following posterior tibial nerve stimulation with a 1-ms monophasic pulse were recorded with subjects seated and stimuli delivered every 1 s (1.0 Hz), 3 s (0.33 Hz), 5 s (0.2 Hz), 8 s (0.125 Hz), and 10s (0.1 Hz). Results for each interval vs 0.1 Hz shown.

    Time frame: 4-6 months

  2. Plasticity of Spinal Neuronal Networks - Presynaptic Inhibition

    Presynaptic inhibition was assessed with a conditioning pulse train of 4 pulses with 9 ms duration, delivered to the CPN at the C-T intervals of 20, 60, or 100 ms. These C-T intervals were selected because the reflex inhibition produced at the intermediate C-T intervals is predominantly presynaptic. The stimulus to the CPN was delivered at 1.27 ± 0.12 (21.8 ± 10.1 mA) and 1.4 ± 0.28 (21.8 ± 10.1 mA) TA motor threshold before and after treatment, respectively. Control and conditioned soleus H-reflexes were randomly recorded across the C-T intervals tested, and 15 H-reflexes were recorded at each C-T interval. For each participant at each timepoint, amplitudes across the 15 H-reflexes per C-T interval were averaged. Results are listed for each C-T interval, pre- and post-intervention.

    Time frame: 4-6 months

  3. Plasticity of Spinal Neuronal Networks - Reciprocal Inhigition

    To assess restoration of reciprocal Ia inhibition, soleus H-reflexes were recorded following common peroneal nerve (CPN) stimulation at short conditioning-test (C-T) intervals of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 ms. The stimulus to the CPN was delivered at 1.27 ± 0.12 (21.8 ± 10.1 mA) and 1.4 ± 0.28 (21.8 ± 10.1 mA) TA motor threshold before and after treatment, respectively. Control and conditioned soleus H-reflexes were randomly recorded across the C-T intervals tested, and 15 H-reflexes were recorded at each C-T interval. For each participant at each timepoint, amplitudes across the 15 H-reflexes per C-T interval were averaged. Results are listed for each C-T interval, pre- and post-intervention.

    Time frame: 4-6 months

  4. Plasticity of Corticospinal Networks

    Neurophysiological measurements assessing changes in corticospinal excitability from the interventions by recording responses to single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) at rest and during robotic-assisted stepping. The tibialis anterior resting motor threshold (RMT) was established and corresponded to the lowest TMS maximal stimulator output that induced reproducible evoked potentials of at least \~50 µV in 4 out of 5 consecutive single TMS pulses. RMTs (percentage of maximal stimulator output) are shown pre- and post-intervention.

    Time frame: 4-6 months

Secondary outcomes

  1. Ambulatory Function

    Change in 10-meter timed test (seconds required to complete 10-meter walk) between baseline and post-intervention. Fewer seconds means faster (better) gait.

    Time frame: 4-6 months

  2. Balance

    Changes in Berg Balance Scale score between baseline and post-intervention. Scale scores between 0 and 56. Higher scores mean better balance.

    Time frame: 4-6 months

  3. Autonomic Function

    SCIM III Bladder and Bowel management subscores Bladder subscore rated 0-15 (higher means better bladder function). Bowel subscore rated 0-10 (higher means better bowel function).

    Time frame: 4-6 months

07

Results

Posted Aug 18, 2026

Participant flow

Participants with SCI were recruited from various sources: Each site's existing databases of past research participants; people with SCI seen clinically at the James J. Peters VA Medical Center and Mount Sinai Medical Center; via flyers and webpage notices; and through various tabling events at local expositions and gyms that cater to people with SCI.

Participant flow — Overall Study
MilestoneReal Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor TrainingReal Transspinal Stimulation Delivered While Lying Supine Followed by Locomotor TrainingSham Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor Training
Started455
Completed455
Not completed000

Outcome measures

PrimaryPlasticity of Spinal Neuronal Networks - Homosynaptic Depression

Soleus H-reflexes following posterior tibial nerve stimulation with a 1-ms monophasic pulse were recorded with subjects seated and stimuli delivered every 1 s (1.0 Hz), 3 s (0.33 Hz), 5 s (0.2 Hz), 8 s (0.125 Hz), and 10s (0.1 Hz). Results for each interval vs 0.1 Hz shown.

Time frame:
4-6 months
Reported as:
Mean · Percent H-reflex amplitude
Plasticity of Spinal Neuronal Networks - Homosynaptic Depression
Percent H-reflex amplitudeReal Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor TrainingReal Transspinal Stimulation Delivered While Lying Supine Followed by Locomotor TrainingSham Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor Training
1.0 vs 0.1 Hz, pre-training (baseline)53.0 ± 16.163.9 ± 31.756.0 ± 14.2
1.0 vs 0.1 Hz, post-training (4-6 months)36.5 ± 15.954.1 ± 18.153.3 ± 18.6
0.33 Hz vs 0.1 Hz, pre-training (baseline)93.3 ± 28.084.3 ± 16.471.3 ± 15.2
0.33 Hz vs 0.1 Hz, post-training (4-6 months)82.0 ± 19.975.7 ± 9.877.3 ± 11.9
0.2 Hz vs 0.1 Hz, pre-training (baseline)97.9 ± 26.094.2 ± 15.0101.6 ± 35.8
0.2 Hz vs 0.1 Hz, post-training (4-6 months)90.8 ± 15.485.6 ± 13.798.1 ± 10.6
0.125 Hz vs 0.1 Hz, pre-training (baseline)102.8 ± 20.1102.7 ± 21.3110.5 ± 32.4
0.125 Hz vs 0.1 Hz, post-training (4-6 months)99.6 ± 17.894.4 ± 12.894.5 ± 10.0
PrimaryPlasticity of Spinal Neuronal Networks - Presynaptic Inhibition

Presynaptic inhibition was assessed with a conditioning pulse train of 4 pulses with 9 ms duration, delivered to the CPN at the C-T intervals of 20, 60, or 100 ms. These C-T intervals were selected because the reflex inhibition produced at the intermediate C-T intervals is predominantly presynaptic. The stimulus to the CPN was delivered at 1.27 ± 0.12 (21.8 ± 10.1 mA) and 1.4 ± 0.28 (21.8 ± 10.1 mA) TA motor threshold before and after treatment, respectively. Control and conditioned soleus H-reflexes were randomly recorded across the C-T intervals tested, and 15 H-reflexes were recorded at each C-T interval. For each participant at each timepoint, amplitudes across the 15 H-reflexes per C-T interval were averaged. Results are listed for each C-T interval, pre- and post-intervention.

Time frame:
4-6 months
Reported as:
Mean · Conditioned vs unconditioned H-reflex %
Plasticity of Spinal Neuronal Networks - Presynaptic Inhibition
Conditioned vs unconditioned H-reflex %Real Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor TrainingReal Transspinal Stimulation Delivered While Lying Supine Followed by Locomotor TrainingSham Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor Training
Pre-intervention, 60ms (baseline)112.8 ± 14.6100.5 ± 15.294.4 ± 28.9
Post-intervention, 60ms (4-6 months)62.8 ± 30.477.1 ± 46.357.4 ± 25.9
Pre-intervention, 20 ms (baseline)94.1 ± 15.895.0 ± 30.3109.4 ± 41.3
Post-intervention, 20 ms (4-6 months)90.3 ± 18.995.4 ± 22.2147.3 ± 74.3
Pre-intervention, 100 ms (baseline)79.9 ± 37.380.7 ± 42.6104.3 ± 37.1
Post-intervention, 100 ms (4-6 months)57.7 ± 61.247.2 ± 45.145.9 ± 21.5
SecondaryAmbulatory Function

Change in 10-meter timed test (seconds required to complete 10-meter walk) between baseline and post-intervention. Fewer seconds means faster (better) gait.

Time frame:
4-6 months
Reported as:
Mean · seconds
Ambulatory Function
secondsReal Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor TrainingReal Transspinal Stimulation Delivered While Lying Supine Followed by Locomotor TrainingSham Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor Training
Ambulatory Function-2.0 (-2.7 to -1.2)2.6 (-0.8 to 9)-.2 (-12.7 to 14)
SecondaryBalance

Changes in Berg Balance Scale score between baseline and post-intervention. Scale scores between 0 and 56. Higher scores mean better balance.

Time frame:
4-6 months
Reported as:
Mean · units on a scale
Balance
units on a scaleReal Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor TrainingReal Transspinal Stimulation Delivered While Lying Supine Followed by Locomotor TrainingSham Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor Training
Balance2 (-2 to 6)-0.33 (-1 to 0)5.67 (0 to 16)
SecondaryAutonomic Function

SCIM III Bladder and Bowel management subscores Bladder subscore rated 0-15 (higher means better bladder function). Bowel subscore rated 0-10 (higher means better bowel function).

Time frame:
4-6 months
Reported as:
Mean · units on subscale
Autonomic Function
units on subscaleReal Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor TrainingReal Transspinal Stimulation Delivered While Lying Supine Followed by Locomotor TrainingSham Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor Training
Bladder subscore, pre-intervention (baseline)15 ± 011.5 ± 3.55.0 ± 8.7
Bladder subscore, post-intervention (4-6 months)15 ± 012.0 ± 4.25.0 ± 10.6
Bowel subscore, pre-intervention (baseline)10 ± 07.5 ± 3.55 ± 3.5
Bowel subscore, post-intervention (4-6 months)10 ± 09 ± 1.45 ± 3.5
PrimaryPlasticity of Spinal Neuronal Networks - Reciprocal Inhigition

To assess restoration of reciprocal Ia inhibition, soleus H-reflexes were recorded following common peroneal nerve (CPN) stimulation at short conditioning-test (C-T) intervals of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 ms. The stimulus to the CPN was delivered at 1.27 ± 0.12 (21.8 ± 10.1 mA) and 1.4 ± 0.28 (21.8 ± 10.1 mA) TA motor threshold before and after treatment, respectively. Control and conditioned soleus H-reflexes were randomly recorded across the C-T intervals tested, and 15 H-reflexes were recorded at each C-T interval. For each participant at each timepoint, amplitudes across the 15 H-reflexes per C-T interval were averaged. Results are listed for each C-T interval, pre- and post-intervention.

Time frame:
4-6 months
Reported as:
Mean · Conditioned vs unconditioned H-reflex %
Plasticity of Spinal Neuronal Networks - Reciprocal Inhigition
Conditioned vs unconditioned H-reflex %Real Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor TrainingReal Transspinal Stimulation Delivered While Lying Supine Followed by Locomotor TrainingSham Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor Training
Pre-intervention, 1ms (baseline)102.7 ± 5.4103.3 ± 17.3103.4 ± 20.3
Post-intervention, 1ms (4-6 months)101.3 ± 11.285.8 ± 18.689.2 ± 12.3
Pre-intervention, 2ms (baseline)101.9 ± 14.584.7 ± 13.2104.6 ± 25.5
Post-intervention, 2ms (4-6 months)99.5 ± 14.078.8 ± 7.483.0 ± 165
Pre-intervention, 3ms (baseline)92.1 ± 12.992.3 ± 11.3104.2 ± 22.7
Post-intervention, 3ms (4-6 months)101.9 ± 13.177.8 ± 23.984.7 ± 14.4
Pre-intervention, 4ms (baseline)99.7 ± 12.589.8 ± 13.599.4 ± 26.4
Post-intervention, 4ms (4-6 months)96.0 ± 7.878.9 ± 4.593.5 ± 16.5
PrimaryPlasticity of Corticospinal Networks

Neurophysiological measurements assessing changes in corticospinal excitability from the interventions by recording responses to single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) at rest and during robotic-assisted stepping. The tibialis anterior resting motor threshold (RMT) was established and corresponded to the lowest TMS maximal stimulator output that induced reproducible evoked potentials of at least \~50 µV in 4 out of 5 consecutive single TMS pulses. RMTs (percentage of maximal stimulator output) are shown pre- and post-intervention.

Time frame:
4-6 months
Reported as:
Mean · % TMS maximal stimulator output
Plasticity of Corticospinal Networks
% TMS maximal stimulator outputReal Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor TrainingReal Transspinal Stimulation Delivered While Lying Supine Followed by Locomotor TrainingSham Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor Training
Pre-intervention (baseline)44.6 ± 17.649.5 ± 14.746.1 ± 10.0
Post-intervention (4-6 months)33.8 ± 8.030.5 ± 17.541.2 ± 6.9

Adverse events

Collected over From enrollment through the final followup, up to 1 week.. Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.

Adverse event summary by group
GroupDeathsSeriousOther
Real Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor Training0/4 (0%)0/4 (0%)1/4 (25%)
Real Transspinal Stimulation Delivered While Lying Supine Followed by Locomotor Training0/5 (0%)0/5 (0%)3/5 (60%)
Sham Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor Training0/5 (0%)0/5 (0%)2/5 (40%)
Most frequent other events
Most frequent other events
EventReal Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor TrainingReal Transspinal Stimulation Delivered While Lying Supine Followed by Locomotor TrainingSham Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor Training
AbrasionSkin and subcutaneous tissue disorders1/42/52/5
UTIRenal and urinary disorders0/41/50/5
COVIDInfections and infestations0/41/50/5
fecal incontinenceGastrointestinal disorders0/41/50/5

Baseline characteristics

Age, Continuous
Age, Continuous(Years)Real Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor TrainingReal Transspinal Stimulation Delivered While Lying Supine Followed by Locomotor TrainingSham Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor TrainingTotal
Mean44.5 ± 17.238.2 ± 13.445.2 ± 17.942.5 ± 15.3
Sex: Female, Male
Sex: Female, Male(Participants)Real Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor TrainingReal Transspinal Stimulation Delivered While Lying Supine Followed by Locomotor TrainingSham Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor TrainingTotal
Female2215
Male2349
Race (NIH/OMB)
Race (NIH/OMB)(Participants)Real Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor TrainingReal Transspinal Stimulation Delivered While Lying Supine Followed by Locomotor TrainingSham Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor TrainingTotal
American Indian or Alaska Native0000
Asian0011
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander0000
Black or African American1203
White3339
More than one race0000
Unknown or Not Reported0011
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)(Participants)Real Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor TrainingReal Transspinal Stimulation Delivered While Lying Supine Followed by Locomotor TrainingSham Transspinal Stimulation Delivered During Standing Followed by Locomotor TrainingTotal
Hispanic or Latino0101
Not Hispanic or Latino44412
Unknown or Not Reported0011
08

Study locations

2 sites
  • Department of Physical Therapy, Motor Control and NeuroRecovery Laboratory
    Staten Island, New York 10314, United States
  • Veterans Affairs Medical Center
    The Bronx, New York 10468, United States
09

References and documents

Publications

  • Cote MP, Murray LM, Knikou M. Spinal Control of Locomotion: Individual Neurons, Their Circuits and Functions. Front Physiol. 2018 Jun 25;9:784. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00784. eCollection 2018. PubMed 29988534 ↗
  • Ellaway PH, Catley M, Davey NJ, Kuppuswamy A, Strutton P, Frankel HL, Jamous A, Savic G. Review of physiological motor outcome measures in spinal cord injury using transcranial magnetic stimulation and spinal reflexes. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2007;44(1):69-76. doi: 10.1682/jrrd.2005.08.0140. PubMed 17551860 ↗
  • Wirth B, van Hedel HJ, Curt A. Ankle paresis in incomplete spinal cord injury: relation to corticospinal conductivity and ambulatory capacity. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2008 Aug;25(4):210-7. doi: 10.1097/WNP.0b013e318183f4e3. PubMed 18677185 ↗
  • Cirillo J, Calabro FJ, Perez MA. Impaired Organization of Paired-Pulse TMS-Induced I-Waves After Human Spinal Cord Injury. Cereb Cortex. 2016 May;26(5):2167-77. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhv048. Epub 2015 Mar 25. PubMed 25814508 ↗
  • Arvanian VL, Schnell L, Lou L, Golshani R, Hunanyan A, Ghosh A, Pearse DD, Robinson JK, Schwab ME, Fawcett JW, Mendell LM. Chronic spinal hemisection in rats induces a progressive decline in transmission in uninjured fibers to motoneurons. Exp Neurol. 2009 Apr;216(2):471-80. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.01.004. PubMed 19320005 ↗
  • Nielsen JB, Crone C, Hultborn H. The spinal pathophysiology of spasticity--from a basic science point of view. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2007 Feb;189(2):171-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2006.01652.x. PubMed 17250567 ↗
  • Knikou M. Plantar cutaneous input modulates differently spinal reflexes in subjects with intact and injured spinal cord. Spinal Cord. 2007 Jan;45(1):69-77. doi: 10.1038/sj.sc.3101917. Epub 2006 Mar 14. PubMed 16534501 ↗
  • Knikou M, Angeli CA, Ferreira CK, Harkema SJ. Soleus H-reflex gain, threshold, and amplitude as function of body posture and load in spinal cord intact and injured subjects. Int J Neurosci. 2009;119(11):2056-73. doi: 10.1080/00207450903139747. PubMed 19863261 ↗
  • Knikou M, Angeli CA, Ferreira CK, Harkema SJ. Soleus H-reflex modulation during body weight support treadmill walking in spinal cord intact and injured subjects. Exp Brain Res. 2009 Mar;193(3):397-407. doi: 10.1007/s00221-008-1636-x. Epub 2008 Nov 15. PubMed 19011843 ↗
  • Barthelemy D, Willerslev-Olsen M, Lundell H, Biering-Sorensen F, Nielsen JB. Assessment of transmission in specific descending pathways in relation to gait and balance following spinal cord injury. Prog Brain Res. 2015;218:79-101. doi: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.12.012. Epub 2015 Mar 29. PubMed 25890133 ↗
  • Barthelemy D, Willerslev-Olsen M, Lundell H, Conway BA, Knudsen H, Biering-Sorensen F, Nielsen JB. Impaired transmission in the corticospinal tract and gait disability in spinal cord injured persons. J Neurophysiol. 2010 Aug;104(2):1167-76. doi: 10.1152/jn.00382.2010. Epub 2010 Jun 16. PubMed 20554839 ↗
  • James ND, McMahon SB, Field-Fote EC, Bradbury EJ. Neuromodulation in the restoration of function after spinal cord injury. Lancet Neurol. 2018 Oct;17(10):905-917. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30287-4. Epub 2018 Sep 18. PubMed 30264729 ↗
  • Tansey KE, McKay WB, Kakulas BA. Restorative neurology: consideration of the new anatomy and physiology of the injured nervous system. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2012 Jun;114(5):436-40. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2012.01.010. Epub 2012 Feb 1. PubMed 22300890 ↗
  • Smith AC, Mummidisetty CK, Rymer WZ, Knikou M. Locomotor training alters the behavior of flexor reflexes during walking in human spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol. 2014 Nov 1;112(9):2164-75. doi: 10.1152/jn.00308.2014. Epub 2014 Aug 13. PubMed 25122715 ↗
  • Smith AC, Rymer WZ, Knikou M. Locomotor training modifies soleus monosynaptic motoneuron responses in human spinal cord injury. Exp Brain Res. 2015 Jan;233(1):89-103. doi: 10.1007/s00221-014-4094-7. Epub 2014 Sep 10. PubMed 25205562 ↗
  • Martinez SA, Nguyen ND, Bailey E, Doyle-Green D, Hauser HA, Handrakis JP, Knezevic S, Marett C, Weinman J, Romero AF, Santiago TM, Yang AH, Yung L, Asselin PK, Weir JP, Kornfeld SD, Bauman WA, Spungen AM, Harel NY. Multimodal cortical and subcortical exercise compared with treadmill training for spinal cord injury. PLoS One. 2018 Aug 9;13(8):e0202130. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202130. eCollection 2018. PubMed 30092092 ↗
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Study documents

PDFs hosted by the registry, ClinicalTrials.gov.

10

Timeline

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
ElapsedEstimatedEstimated, not yet reachedSimilar studies: half by the dot; the band is the middle halfHalf of similar studies reached it by the dot; the band is the middle half, from a quarter to three quarters

Ran from Aug 2021 to primary completion in Dec 2024, 40 months.

Results were first posted in Aug 2026, 1 year 8 months after primary completion.

Of 790 non-industry interventional studies with no phase under Spinal Cord Injuries, half reached primary completion within 37 months of starting (the median), counting those still running; a quarter within 18 and three quarters within 65. This study's 40 months is close to that.

Counting every sponsor, half of 839 studies reached it within 36 months; a quarter within 17 and three quarters within 64.

How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.

Registered
Mar 11, 2021
First posted
Mar 19, 2021
StartActual
Aug 1, 2021
Primary completionActual
Dec 1, 2024
CompletionActual
Dec 31, 2024
Results first posted
Aug 18, 2026
Last update
Aug 18, 2026
What these dates mean
Start.
When the first participant enrolled; while estimated, when the study expects to open to recruitment.
Primary completion.
When the last participant was examined or treated to collect data for the study's main question, its primary outcome. A study that stopped early gives the date its data collection stopped.
Completion.
When the last participant's last visit took place, for every outcome, secondary ones and side effects included: the end of the study. Often later than primary completion, sometimes the same day.
Actual and Est.
Actual means the registry says the date has happened. Est. (estimated) is a date the sponsor plans or expects. It can still move, and the sponsor is expected to change it to actual once it has passed.
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Aug 18, 2026, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
11

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT04807764
Lead sponsor
City University of New York
Collaborators
Bronx Veterans Medical Research Foundation, Inc, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Responsible party
Maria Knikou, PT, MBA, PhD (Professor/Principal Investigator, City University of New York) — Principal investigator
First posted
Mar 19, 2021
Start date
Aug 1, 2021
Primary completion
Dec 1, 2024
Completion
Dec 31, 2024
Results posted
Aug 18, 2026
Last update
Aug 18, 2026

Study contacts

Maria Knikou, PT, PhD
principal investigator · Research Foundation of the City University of New York
Noam Y. Harel, MD, PhD
principal investigator · Bronx Veterans Medical Research Foundation

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
Yes
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
Yes
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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Discussion

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