ClinicalTrials.gg
RecruitingNCT03533985Updated Jul 22, 2026

Effect of Music Therapy on Infants With Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

An interventional study of Song of Kin and Gato box in NAS, sponsored by Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Recruiting at 6 sites in United States. Open to participants aged 28 Weeks and older. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-07-22.

Sponsored by Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai · Not applicable, Interventional, and Treatment

From the registry’s dates

  • Registered 6 months after the study started (first participant enrolled Nov 2017, registered May 2018).
  • Started Nov 2017; still recruiting 9 years later.

Help build ClinicalTrials.gg — short surveys, remote interviews or testing, in your language. Take part →

Phase
Not applicable
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
200
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
28 Weeks and older
Sex
All
01

Where this study stands

Counted across the records on this site · 2026-11-14

Among 59 studies in Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome with a site in United States — 4 open to participants now, 7 under way, none of them phase 3. Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome · United States.

Planned enrollment
4th of 47
200 · median 42
Started
2017
with 5 others
No phase
21 of 59
2 open now
Registered
35th of 59
by date

Among the 59 studies in Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome with a site in United States, this one is the 4th largest by planned enrollment of the 47 interventional ones that give a count, is one of 6 that started in 2017, is one of 21 with no phase, and was the 35th registered.

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

68 studies on the registry are indexed under Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome; 6 are open to participants now.

Browse Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome studies →

Open to participants now

4 of the 59 studies in Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome with a site in United States are open now. Recruiting first, the newest first:

All 4 open studies →

A study can be open while its sites in United States have not opened yet or have stopped. Only those recruiting at a site in United States →

Who these studies take

Of the 4 Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome studies recruiting now, 3 set no upper age limit and 1 stops at 75 or younger; 3 take children under 18; 1 takes healthy volunteers.

This study: 28 Weeks and older · all sexes · no healthy volunteers.

The full table on the hub →

This tab as a report to print or save as PDF → With an account.

Was this useful?
Watch this landscapeDownload CSVNarrow it in search →With an account: a weekly mail of what changed among 59 studies in Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome with a site in United States, or all of them as a file.
02

Study summary

This study examines the effects of 6 different music therapy interventions on outcomes for neonates diagnosed with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome.

Read the detailed description

The purpose of this exploratory pilot study is to learn what, if any, effects live music therapy interventions have on the pacification, stabilization, and development of infants diagnosed with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS). Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome is a group of problems that occur in a newborn who has been exposed to illegal or prescription opiates while in the mother's womb. Participants will receive 6 music therapy sessions over a 14-day period based on a randomized treatment schedule of 6 different interventions.

03

Conditions studied

  • NAS

Keywords

  • Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
  • Music therapy
  • Attachment
  • Music medicine
  • Multi-modal stimulation
04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
28 Weeks and older
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
No

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

Infants who meet the following inclusion criteria will be eligible to participate in the study irrespective of race, religion, ethnicity, or gender:

  • Admitted to the NICU immediately postpartum
  • Gestational age 28 weeks or older
  • No identified hearing disorder
  • Do not have a diagnosed developmental disability (i.e. Down Syndrome)
  • Do not have Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
  • Medically cleared to participate in the study by nurse or neonatologist
  • Parent or legal guardian able/willing to give consent \& complete the PBQ (Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire)

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Admitted to the NICU at any time other than immediately postpartum
  • Gestational age \<28 weeks old
  • Has an identified hearing disorder
  • Has diagnosed developmental disability (i.e. Down syndrome)
  • Has Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
  • Is not medically cleared to participate in the study by the nurse or neonatologist
  • Parent or legal guardian unable/unwilling to give consent
05

Study design

Phase
Not applicable
Primary purpose
Treatment
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Crossover assignment
Masking
Double (Participant, Outcomes assessor)
Enrollment
200 participants (estimated)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    Song of Kin

    Voice (with or without guitar)- lullaby/ Holding meter

    Behavioral: Song of Kin

  • Experimental
    Gato box

    Simple rhythms using Remo Gato box will be played by the MT-BC using a 3rd to comfort, engage or sedate

    Other: Gato box

  • Experimental
    Ocean disc

    Creating a consistent womb-like sound soundscape to comfort, engage or sedate

    Other: Ocean disc

  • Experimental
    Contingent singing

    Provision of communicative vocalization-"parantese" to engage with infants, prosodic responses to infant cues (eye contact, body position)

    Other: Contingent singing

  • Experimental
    Tonal Vocal holding

    Providing a 'blanket of tone' to comfort, engage or sedate

    Other: Tonal Vocal holding

  • Experimental
    Muted shaker

    If infant is awake, the muted shaker will be used to entrain to the infant's vital signs-to comfort, soothe or sedate

    Other: Muted shaker

Interventions

  • BehavioralSong of Kin

    Music therapists will assess meaningful song/theme (of choice/culture) and provide musical elements in a way that nurtures parents. They will then develop a simplified part of the theme into a soothing lullaby for their infants to be utilized directly by the parent/s and/or the music therapist to comfort, engage or sedate.

    Also known as: Music psychotherapy with parent/s

  • OtherGato box

    Depending on the time of intervention and need of the infant the music therapist will provide rhythmic entrainment that follows the heart rate or suck patterns of the infant

    Also known as: Rhythmic entrainment

  • OtherOcean disc

    Depending on the time of intervention and needs of the infant the music therapist will provide a whoosh sound using the Remo Ocean disc. It will be entrained to the infant's respiratory rate.

    Also known as: Timbre entrainment

  • OtherContingent singing

    Depending on the state of the infant, the music therapist will provide short segments of conversant prosody, to enhance quiet-alert, or stimulate relaxation/sleep

  • OtherTonal Vocal holding

    Music therapist will provide a vowel, long held tone, sung without vibrato

  • OtherMuted shaker

    If infant is awake, the muted shaker will be used to entrain to the infant's vital signs-to comfort, soothe or sedate

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Heart Rate

    Time frame: up to 2 weeks

  2. Respiratory Rate

    Time frame: up to 2 weeks

  3. O2 sats

    Oxygen saturation levels (O2 sats)

    Time frame: up to 2 weeks

  4. Activity level

    The neonatologist or nurse will assess and mark as active/alert, active to stimulation, flaccid, hypertonic, hypotonic, irritable, jittery, lethargic, paralyzed\&medicated, quiet, sedated, or tremors

    Time frame: up to 2 weeks

  5. Sleep category

    The neonatologist or nurse will assess and mark as quiet sleep, active sleep, drowsy state, alert inactivity, fussing or crying.

    Time frame: up to 2 weeks

  6. Feeding (sucking and absorption) category

    The neonatologist or nurse will rate feeding (sucking/absorption) from 1 (active/perpetual) to 12 (none/gavage)

    Time frame: up to 2 weeks

  7. Neonatal Abstinence Scoring (NAS)

    The NAS score lists 21 symptoms that are most frequently observed in opiate-exposed infants. Each symptom and its associated degree of severity are assigned a score and the total abstinence score is determined by totalling the score assigned to each symptom over the scoring period. Please provide the full scale info (example 0 (no symptoms) to 10 (severe symptoms)

    Time frame: up to 2 weeks

Secondary outcomes

  1. Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ )

    Questionnaire to assess capacity for attachment in both mothers and fathers. 25 item scale with each item rated from always to never. Scoring is based on four categories: impaired bonding scores 0-60, rejection and pathological anger scores 0-35, infant-focused anxiety scores 0-20, and incipient abuse scores 0-10. Total range from 0 (good bonding) to 125 (poor bonding).

    Time frame: Baseline

07

Study locations

6 of 6 sites recruiting
08

References and documents

Publications

  • Loewy J, Stewart K, Dassler AM, Telsey A, Homel P. The effects of music therapy on vital signs, feeding, and sleep in premature infants. Pediatrics. 2013 May;131(5):902-18. doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-1367. Epub 2013 Apr 15. PubMed 23589814 ↗
  • Loewy J. NICU music therapy: song of kin as critical lullaby in research and practice. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2015 Mar;1337:178-85. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12648. PubMed 25773633 ↗
  • Bieleninik L, Ghetti C, Gold C. Music Therapy for Preterm Infants and Their Parents: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2016 Sep;138(3):e20160971. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-0971. Epub 2016 Aug 25. PubMed 27561729 ↗
  • Pahl A, Young L, Buus-Frank ME, Marcellus L, Soll R. Non-pharmacological care for opioid withdrawal in newborns. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Dec 21;12(12):CD013217. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013217.pub2. PubMed 33348423 ↗

Related links

Individual participant data

Plan to share: No

09

Timeline

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
ElapsedEstimatedEstimated, not yet reachedSimilar studies: half by the dot; the band is the middle halfHalf of similar studies reached it by the dot; the band is the middle half, from a quarter to three quarters

Started Nov 2017 (actual). Primary completion is estimated for Dec 2026, 109 months after the start.

Of 18 interventional studies with no phase under Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome, half reached primary completion within 47 months of starting (the median), counting those still running; a quarter within 30 and three quarters within 60. This study's planned 109 months is above that.

How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.

Registered
May 11, 2018
First posted
May 23, 2018
StartActual
Nov 1, 2017
Primary completionEst.
Dec 31, 2026
CompletionEst.
Dec 31, 2026
Last update
Jul 22, 2026
What these dates mean
Start.
When the first participant enrolled; while estimated, when the study expects to open to recruitment.
Primary completion.
When the last participant was examined or treated to collect data for the study's main question, its primary outcome. A study that stopped early gives the date its data collection stopped.
Completion.
When the last participant's last visit took place, for every outcome, secondary ones and side effects included: the end of the study. Often later than primary completion, sometimes the same day.
Actual and Est.
Actual means the registry says the date has happened. Est. (estimated) is a date the sponsor plans or expects. It can still move, and the sponsor is expected to change it to actual once it has passed.
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Jul 22, 2026, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
10

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT03533985
Responsible party
Joanne Loewy (Director, Louis Armstrong Center for Music and Medicine at Mount Sinai Beth Israel, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai) — Principal investigator
First posted
May 23, 2018
Start date
Nov 1, 2017
Primary completion
Dec 31, 2026 (estimated)
Completion
Dec 31, 2026 (estimated)
Last update
Jul 22, 2026

Study contacts

Joanne Loewy, DA, LCAT, MT-BC
Contact
joanne.loewy@mountsinai.org
212-420-3484
Elizabeth Barone, MA, MT-BC, CCLS
Contact
Elizabeth.Barone@mountsinai.org
Joanne Loewy, PhD
principal investigator · Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Kathy Murphy, PhD
principal investigator · Loyola University
Aimee Telsey, MD
study director · Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

Interested in this study?

Eligibility is decided by the study team. Share this record with your doctor or contact the team directly.

Contact study team

Follow this study

Get an email when the registry record changes — status, dates, results — or when someone posts here.

Sign in to follow

Discussion

Questions and observations about this study, from anyone following it. Not medical advice, and not a channel to the study team — their contact details are on the registry record.

Sign in to join the discussion. Reading takes no account; posting does. You choose a display name, and a pseudonym is the default.

Nothing here yet. If you are running this trial, taking part in it, or weighing whether to, this is the place to say so.

Start the discussion