ClinicalTrials.gg
CompletedNCT03305497Updated Sep 22, 2021

Piloting a Naloxone Intervention in Philadelphia

An observational study in Opioids; Harmful Use, sponsored by Drexel University. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years and older, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2021-09-22.

Sponsored by Drexel University · Observational

Study type
Observational
Model
Ecologic or community
Time perspective
Prospective
Enrollment
110
Ages
18 Years and older
Sex
All
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Where this study stands

Counted across the records on this site · 2026-11-12

Among 56 studies in Opiate Overdose with a site in United States — 8 open to participants now, 15 under way, none of them phase 3. Opiate Overdose · United States.

Enrollment
6th of 12
110 · median 106
Started
2018
with 2 others
Observational
12 of 56
none open now
Registered
4th of 56
by date
Lead sponsor
2 of 56
Drexel University

Among the 56 studies in Opiate Overdose with a site in United States, this one is the 6th largest by enrollment of the 12 observational ones, is one of 3 that started in 2018, is one of 12 observational ones, and was the 4th registered.

By phase

56 studies; the count open now beside each. This study's row is marked.

No phase29 · 5 open
Observationalthis study12 · 0 open
Phase 16 · 0 open
Phase 46 · 2 open
Phase 22 · 1 open
Phase 31 · 0 open

By the year they started

First in 2013; this study’s year is marked. 3 started in 2018.

Size and results

Median enrollment 184 across the 44 interventional studies, 106 across the 12 observational. Of the 35 that completed or were terminated, 15 (43%) have results posted.

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Watch this landscapeDownload CSVWith an account: a weekly mail of what changed among 56 studies in Opiate Overdose with a site in United States, or all of them as a file.
02

Study summary

The escalating opioid overdose epidemic is one of the most serious public health problems confronting the U.S. Death due to drug overdose is a significant and rising cause of mortality and morbidity in Philadelphia. While naloxone is increasingly accessible to combat opioid overdoses, new responses to delivering naloxone to overdose events are needed. The proposed pilot project, to be conducted in Philadelphia, will pursue three specific aims: 1) Identify barriers and facilitators of acceptance and use of a smartphone-based naloxone intervention; 2) Pilot test the implementation of the intervention among 55 non-medical opioid users and 55 community members; 3) Synthesize knowledge acquired in Aims 1 and 2 to be used in a subsequent R01 study to conduct a large-scale, multi-site implementation trial.

Read the detailed description

The escalating opioid overdose epidemic is one of the most serious public health problems confronting the U.S. In 2014, a record 47,055 people died from a drug overdose in the U.S., which outnumbered deaths from motor vehicle crashes by approximately one and a half times. Heroin and misuse of prescription opioids contributed to a majority of drug overdoses in 2014. Death due to drug overdose is a significant and rising cause of mortality and morbidity in Philadelphia. In 2015, almost 700 drug overdose deaths were reported in Philadelphia - twice as many as deaths from homicide. In response, health policy, legislation, and research funding are increasingly converging in support of the distribution of naloxone, an opioid antagonist, and community-based opioid overdose prevention programs (OPP). The success of OPP is contingent upon the willingness and effectiveness of bystanders to respond to an overdose event and administer naloxone. Emergency Response Communities (ERC) are specialized smartphone-based social networks in which members are approved carriers and/or potential users of a specific medication, such as naloxone. The ERC approach is ideally suited to support, facilitate, and encourage naloxone administration in opioid overdose emergencies, but is untested to date. The model combines GPS and IP-location tracking to identify potential opioid overdose through a smartphone application or app. Towards this end, we are proposing the development and pilot testing of a smartphone app-based naxolone intervention (ERC-NAX) in an ERC in Philadelphia. Research is needed to understand the needs and barriers in communities at high-risk for opioid overdose that will enable effective design, adaption, and implementation of an ERC-NAX app. Guided by preliminary data from study investigators, the proposed pilot project will pursue three specific aims: 1) Identify barriers and facilitators of acceptance and use of a smartphone-based ERC naloxone intervention; 2) Pilot test the implementation of ERC-NAX in an ERC consisting of 55 non-medical opioid users and 55 community members; 3) Synthesize knowledge acquired in Aims 1 and 2 to be used in a subsequent R01 study to conduct a large-scale, multi-site implementation trial. This 3-year study will provide actionable evidence regarding the viability and acceptance of an app-based naloxone intervention following the ERC model. It will be developed and tested in partnership with two community partners in Philadelphia with extensive experience in overdose prevention. This proposed intervention is significant since it leverages the growing success of OPP and will empower communities at high-risk for opioid overdose to provide rapid, secure, and effective emergency response in the event of overdose. This novel intervention, which is designed to augment emergency medical services in the rapid delivery of naloxone to overdose victims, may be effective at deescalating the epidemic of opioid overdose fatalities in Philadelphia and communities elsewhere.

03

Conditions studied

  • Opioids; Harmful Use

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Keywords

  • Opioid Overdose; Naloxone
04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years and older
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
Yes
Sampling method
Non-probability sample

Study population

55 non-medical users of opioids (NMOU) (e.g., prescription opioids, heroin) and 55 community members who know active, former, or deceased NMOU.

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

  1. Weekly misuse of heroin and/or rx opioid during past 30 days OR knows active, former, or deceased NMOU 2. Currently lives in zip codes 19122, 19125, 19133, 19134 3. Willingness to carry naloxone 4. Owns smartphone/data package 5. 18 years old or older 6. Speaks/reads English

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  1. Younger than 18
  2. Does not speak/read English
05

Study design

Observational model
Ecologic or community
Time perspective
Prospective
Enrollment
110 participants (actual)
Patient registry
No

Interventions

  • BehavioralMobile Phone Application

    110 persons will be equipped with a mobile phone application, trained in overdose prevention, and equipped with naloxone. The mobile phone app will allow persons witnessing an overdose to signal persons in the vicinity to respond with naloxone.

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What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Use of mobile phone app

    Will persons equipped with the mobile phone app signal overdoses and/or respond to overdoses when signaled.

    Time frame: One year

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Study locations

1 site
  • Kensington
    Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19134, United States
08

References and documents

Publications

  • Wagner KD, Davidson PJ, Iverson E, Washburn R, Burke E, Kral AH, McNeeley M, Jackson Bloom J, Lankenau SE. "I felt like a superhero": the experience of responding to drug overdose among individuals trained in overdose prevention. Int J Drug Policy. 2014 Jan;25(1):157-65. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.07.003. Epub 2013 Aug 9. PubMed 23932166 ↗
  • Silva K, Schrager SM, Kecojevic A, Lankenau SE. Factors associated with history of non-fatal overdose among young nonmedical users of prescription drugs. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013 Feb 1;128(1-2):104-10. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.08.014. Epub 2012 Sep 10. PubMed 22974490 ↗
  • Lankenau SE, Wagner KD, Silva K, Kecojevic A, Iverson E, McNeely M, Kral AH. Injection drug users trained by overdose prevention programs: responses to witnessed overdoses. J Community Health. 2013 Feb;38(1):133-41. doi: 10.1007/s10900-012-9591-7. PubMed 22847602 ↗
  • Lankenau SE, Walley A. Opioids and deaths. N Engl J Med. 2011 Feb 17;364(7):686. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1014490. No abstract available. PubMed 21323558 ↗
  • Wagner KD, Iverson E, Wong CF, Bloom JJ, McNeeley M, Davidson PJ, McCarty C, Kral AH, Lankenau SE. Personal social network factors associated with overdose prevention training participation. Subst Use Misuse. 2013 Jan;48(1-2):21-30. doi: 10.3109/10826084.2012.720335. Epub 2012 Sep 19. PubMed 22988840 ↗
  • Schwartz DG, Ataiants J, Roth A, Marcu G, Yahav I, Cocchiaro B, Khalemsky M, Lankenau S. Layperson reversal of opioid overdose supported by smartphone alert: A prospective observational cohort study. EClinicalMedicine. 2020 Aug 3;25:100474. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100474. eCollection 2020 Aug. PubMed 32954238 ↗

Study documents

PDFs hosted by the registry, ClinicalTrials.gov.

Individual participant data

Plan to share: No — No plan to share IPD with other researchers.

09

Timeline

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
ElapsedEstimatedEstimated, not yet reached

Ran from Oct 2018 to primary completion in May 2020, 19 months.

How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.

Registered
Oct 4, 2017
First posted
Oct 10, 2017
StartActual
Oct 23, 2018
Primary completionActual
May 31, 2020
CompletionActual
May 31, 2021
Last update
Sep 22, 2021
What these dates mean
Start.
When the first participant enrolled; while estimated, when the study expects to open to recruitment.
Primary completion.
When the last participant was examined or treated to collect data for the study's main question, its primary outcome. A study that stopped early gives the date its data collection stopped.
Completion.
When the last participant's last visit took place, for every outcome, secondary ones and side effects included: the end of the study. Often later than primary completion, sometimes the same day.
Actual and Est.
Actual means the registry says the date has happened. Est. (estimated) is a date the sponsor plans or expects. It can still move, and the sponsor is expected to change it to actual once it has passed.
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Sep 22, 2021, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
10

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT03305497
Lead sponsor
Drexel University
Collaborators
Bar-Ilan University, Israel
Responsible party
Sponsor
First posted
Oct 10, 2017
Start date
Oct 23, 2018
Primary completion
May 31, 2020
Completion
May 31, 2021
Last update
Sep 22, 2021

Study contacts

Stephen Lankenau, PhD
principal investigator · Drexel University

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
Yes
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

Not currently enrolling

This study is completed, as verified in Sep 2021. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.

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Discussion

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