Effect of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine on Parkinson Disease

Annually, 60,000 people within the United States are diagnosed with PD.1 The cardinal features of PD include resting tremor, rigidity, asymmetric onset, and bradykinesia.2 These characteristics appear to affect balance. Balance is a complex system that involves maintaining posture, facilitating movement, and recovering equilibrium to control one's body within its limits of stability. Balance involves the coordination of vestibular, visual, auditory, motor, and high level premotor systems, many of which are compromised in PD.3 Previous research found that 46% of the PD subjects fell within a three month period, and that 21% of subjects had their first fall during the three month period.4 Postural instability is a hallmark sign of PD that compromises balance control and increases the risk of falling.5,6

Many falls in PD occur because of postural instability and their inability to organize sensory information. The SOT identifies abnormalities in postural control, somatosensory, visual, and vestibular sensory systems. It offers a composite score that is a percentage based on normal age controls. We recently presented an abstract at the World Parkinson's Conference in Montreal, Canada that showed individual's with PD (n=20) who were categorized as fallers, scored lower on the SOT than non-fallers with PD.7

The pathogenesis of PD is a progressive neurologic depletion of dopaminergic neurons from the basal ganglia which manifests as common motor or extrapyramidal signs: tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity. As the severity of PD progresses there is frequently postural instability and further disability. There have been relatively few studies investigating the effect of OMM on PD patients. One previous research study demonstrated that a single session of osteopathic manipulative medicine protocol on 10 PD subjects improved gait compared to age-matched sham-controls, particularly stride length, cadence, and maximum velocities of upper and lower extremities.8 Other studies on non-PD subjects have shown that OMM can improve subject balance. In a pilot study 20 elderly subjects with OMM protocol applied weekly for four weeks showed an improvement in postural instability, as measured by changes in anterior-posterior and medial-lateral sway on force plate observations.9 OMM has also been shown to improve subjects with dizziness. The outcomes were measured using the SMART Balance Master©. It was found that the composite score on the SMART Balance Master© significantly improved immediately after intervention as well as one week later. (P\<.001)10

OMM utilized in improving gait in PD patients addressed muscle hypertonicity and joint motion restrictions by using muscle energy and articulatory techniques for the spine and the extremities.8 OMM techniques that were used to address balance focused on removing muscle spasms and restrictions of the spine and cranium. Based on our experience of treating PD patients in our clinical practice and the improvement of symptoms in the forementioned studies we developed a PARK-OMM protocol to utilize in this study. The protocol starts with a CV4 technique, which helps to address cranial restrictions, and can potentially affect patient's autonomic function.11,12 The protocol then proceeds to address each major spinal region and the extremities by decreasing muscle hypertonicity and increasing joint range of motion with direct OMM articulatory and muscle energy techniques. These techniques were selected due to their document efficacy in improving joint mobility in the general population as well as in PD both in clinical practice and documented prior studies.13

Hypothesis: OMM treatments twice a week over a 6-week period on PD subjects using a defined OMM protocol will produce a prolonged improvement in motor function measured by the Movement Disorders Society's Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) and balance measured by the NeurCom SMART Balance Master© Sensory Organization Test (SOT) leading to a reduced number of falls. We are also going to screen for serum biomarker changes to investigate the potential effects of OMM. We expect that the OMM cohort will have significantly improved motor function scores, balance, and an associated decrease in falls. This would help to establish the role of OMM in the treatment of PD. Positive findings may also lead to additional studies investigating how OMM impacts the quality of life in PD patients. It could also promote further investigation on the potential mechanisms of OMM amongst the PD population.