ExAblate Transcranial MR Guided Focused Ultrasound in the Treatment of Essential Tremor

1. Men and women, between 18 and 80 years, inclusive
2. Patients who are able and willing to give consent and able to attend all study visits
3. A diagnosis of ET as confirmed from clinical history and examination by a movement disorder neurologist
4. Tremor refractory to adequate trials of at least two medications, one of which should be either propranolol or primidone. An adequate medication trial is defined as a therapeutic dose of each medication or the development of side effects as the medication dose is titrated.
5. Vim nucleus of thalamus can be target by the ExAblate device. The Vim region of the thalamus must be apparent on MRI such that targeting can be performed with either direct visualization or by measurement from a line connecting the anterior and posterior commissures of the brain.
6. Able to communicate sensations during the ExAblate MRgFUS treatment
7. Postural or intention tremor severity score of greater than or equal to 2 in the dominant hand/arm as measured by the CRST rating scale.
8. Stable doses of all medications for 30 days prior to study entry and for the duration of the study.
9. May have bilateral appendicular tremor
10. Significant disability due to essential tremor despite medical treatment (CRST score of 2 or above in any one of the items 16-23 from the Disability subsection of the CRST: [speaking, feeding other than liquids, bringing liquids to mouth, hygiene, dressing, writing, working, and social activities])
11. Inclusion and exclusion criteria have been agreed upon by two members of the medical team.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with unstable cardiac status including:

   1.1 Unstable angina pectoris on medication 1.2 Patients with documented myocardial infarction within six months of protocol entry 1.3 Congestive heart failure requiring medication (other than diuretic) 1.4 Patients on anti-arrhythmic drugs

2. Patients exhibiting any behavior(s) consistent with ethanol or substance abuse as defined by the criteria outlined in the DSM-IV as manifested by one (or more) of the following occurring within a 12 month period:

   • Recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home (such as repeated absences or poor work performance related to substance use; substance-related absences, suspensions, or expulsions from school; or neglect of children or household).
   • Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous (such as driving an automobile or operating a machine when impaired by substance use)
   • Recurrent substance-related legal problems (such as arrests for substance related disorderly conduct)
   • Continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance (for example, arguments with spouse about consequences of intoxication and physical fights).
3. Severe hypertension (diastolic BP > 100 on medication)
4. Patients with standard contraindications for MR imaging such as non-MRI compatible implanted metallic devices including cardiac pacemakers, size limitations, etc.
5. Known intolerance or allergies to the MRI contrast agent (e.g. Gadolinium or Magnevist) including advanced kidney disease
6. Severely impaired renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate \< 45ml/min/1.73 m2) or receiving dialysis
7. History of abnormal bleeding and/or coagulopathy
8. Receiving anticoagulant (e.g. warfarin) or antiplatelet (e.g. aspirin) therapy within one week of focused ultrasound procedure or drugs known to increase risk or hemorrhage (e.g. Avastin) within one month of focused ultrasound procedure
9. Active or suspected acute or chronic uncontrolled infection
10. History of intracranial hemorrhage
11. Cerebrovascular disease (multiple CVA or CVA within 6 months)
12. Individuals who are not able or willing to tolerate the required prolonged stationary supine position during treatment (can be up to 4 hrs of total table time.)
13. Symptoms and signs of increased intracranial pressue (e.g. headache, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and papilledema)
14. Are participating or have participated in another clinical trial in the last 30 days
15. Patients unable to communicate with the investigator and staff.
16. Presence of any other neurodegenerative disease like parkinson-plus syndromes suspected on neurological examination. These include: multisystem atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, dementia with Lewy bodies, and Alzheimer"s disease.
17. Anyone suspected to have the diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson"s disease. This includes excluding anyone with the presence of parkinsonian features including bradykinesia rigidity, or postural instability. Subjects who exhibit only mild resting tremor but no other symptoms or signs of PD may be included.
18. Presence of significant cognitive impairment as determined with a score ≤ 24 on the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE)
19. History of immunocompromise, including patient who is HIV positive
20. Known life-threatening systemic disease
21. Patients with a history of seizures within the past year

22. Patients with current or a prior history of any psychiatric illness will be excluded. Any presence or history of psychosis will be excluded. Patients with mood disorders including depression will be excluded. For the purpose of this study, we consider a significant mood disorder to include any patient who has:

    • been under the care of a psychiatrist for over 3 months
    • taken antidepressant medications for greater than 6 months
    • has participated in cognitive-behavioral therapy
    • been hospitalized for the treatment of a psychiatric illness
    • received transcranial magnetic stimulation
    • received electroconvulsive therapy
23. Patients with risk factors for intraoperative or postoperative bleeding (platelet count less than 100,000 per cubic millimeter, PT > 14, PTT > 36 or INR > 1.3) or a documented coagulopathy
24. Patients with brain tumors
25. Any illness that in the investigator's opinion preclude participation in this study.
26. Pregnancy or lactation.
27. Legal incapacity or limited legal capacity.
28. Patients who have had deep brain stimulation or a prior stereotactic ablation of the basal ganglia