An interventional study of Nurse-Operated Automated Subjective Refraction and Village Doctor-Operated Automated Subjective Refraction in Refractive Errors, sponsored by Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University. Not yet recruiting. Open to participants aged 7 Years and older, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-10-23.
Sponsored by Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University · Not applicable, Interventional, and Diagnostic
This study aims to evaluate the performance of automated subjective refraction performed by operators with different professional backgrounds. By comparing their results with those obtained by a senior optometrist using the same automated refraction program, the study will assess agreement in refractive prescriptions and examine examination efficiency, participant experience, and safety, thereby providing evidence for the further application of automated subjective refraction technology.
427 studies on the registry are indexed under Refractive Errors; 62 are open to participants now.
This study's planned enrollment of 254 is above the median of 81 across 307 interventional studies indexed under Refractive Errors.
Browse Refractive Errors studies →Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University is the lead sponsor of 164 studies on the registry; 80 are open to participants now.
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Exclusion Criteria:
Concomitant ocular diseases causing opacity of the ocular media, such as cataract, glaucoma, or fundus disease.
History of ocular trauma or intraocular surgery.
Manifest strabismus or significant binocular vision dysfunction. ④ Inability to follow and respond to system instructions. ⑤ Only one eye meeting the eligibility criteria.
Participants first undergo automated subjective refraction performed by a trained nurse, followed by a rest interval of at least 20 minutes and then automated subjective refraction performed by a senior optometrist using the same program. The two operators are blinded to each other's refraction results.
Diagnostic Test: Nurse-Operated Automated Subjective Refraction · Diagnostic Test: Senior Optometrist-Operated Automated Subjective Refraction
Participants first undergo automated subjective refraction performed by a senior optometrist, followed by a rest interval of at least 20 minutes and then automated subjective refraction performed by a trained nurse using the same program. The two operators are blinded to each other's refraction results.
Diagnostic Test: Nurse-Operated Automated Subjective Refraction · Diagnostic Test: Senior Optometrist-Operated Automated Subjective Refraction
Participants first undergo automated subjective refraction performed by a trained village doctor, followed by a rest interval of at least 20 minutes and then automated subjective refraction performed by a senior optometrist using the same program. The two operators are blinded to each other's refraction results.
Diagnostic Test: Village Doctor-Operated Automated Subjective Refraction · Diagnostic Test: Senior Optometrist-Operated Automated Subjective Refraction
Participants first undergo automated subjective refraction performed by a senior optometrist, followed by a rest interval of at least 20 minutes and then automated subjective refraction performed by a trained village doctor using the same program. The two operators are blinded to each other's refraction results.
Diagnostic Test: Village Doctor-Operated Automated Subjective Refraction · Diagnostic Test: Senior Optometrist-Operated Automated Subjective Refraction
Participants first undergo automated subjective refraction performed by trained lay personnel, followed by a rest interval of at least 20 minutes and then automated subjective refraction performed by a senior optometrist using the same program. The two operators are blinded to each other's refraction results.
Diagnostic Test: Lay Personnel-Operated Automated Subjective Refraction · Diagnostic Test: Senior Optometrist-Operated Automated Subjective Refraction
Participants first undergo automated subjective refraction performed by a senior optometrist, followed by a rest interval of at least 20 minutes and then automated subjective refraction performed by trained lay personnel using the same program. The two operators are blinded to each other's refraction results.
Diagnostic Test: Lay Personnel-Operated Automated Subjective Refraction · Diagnostic Test: Senior Optometrist-Operated Automated Subjective Refraction
A trained nurse operates the automated refraction program to complete the full subjective refraction procedure and obtain spherical power, cylindrical power, and cylinder axis.
A trained village doctor operates the automated refraction program to complete the full subjective refraction procedure and obtain spherical power, cylindrical power, and cylinder axis.
Trained lay personnel who have passed competency assessment operate the automated refraction program to complete the full subjective refraction procedure and obtain spherical power, cylindrical power, and cylinder axis.
A senior optometrist operates the same automated refraction program according to a standardized procedure to obtain spherical power, cylindrical power, and cylinder axis. These measurements serve as the reference results for comparison.
Agreement in refractive prescriptions between operators from different professional backgrounds and senior optometrists using the same automated refraction program
Time frame: Day 1, after completion of both subjective refraction examinations
Examination time for comparison operators and senior optometrists using the automated refraction program
Time frame: Day 1, during each subjective refraction examination.
Participant acceptance, comfort, and satisfaction with the automated refraction procedure
The questionnaire assesses three aspects: understanding and operation, comfort and visual fatigue, and acceptance and willingness to use. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 ("strongly disagree") to 5 ("strongly agree"), with higher scores indicating a more favorable evaluation.
Time frame: Day 1, after completion of both subjective refraction examinations.
Adverse events and ocular discomfort during the examinations
Time frame: Day 1, during both subjective refraction examinations.
No study locations are listed for this record.
Plan to share: No — No external sharing of individual participant data is currently planned.
No publications or documents are linked to this record.
From the registry record's own update history. This site started tracking changes on Sep 25, 2026; for anything earlier, see the record history on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
This study is not yet recruiting, as verified in Sep 2026. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.
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Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University →