Active, not recruitingNCT07870473Updated Oct 13, 2026

Evaluation of the Effect of Smoking on Apelin, Periostin, and High-Sensitivity CRP Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Serum

An observational study in Periodontitis (Stage 3), Periodontal Health and Smoking Cigarette, sponsored by Pamukkale University. Active, not recruiting at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Open to participants aged 18 Years to 75 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-10-13.

Sponsored by Pamukkale University · Observational

Updated Oct 13, 2026Newly registeredGo to Updates ↓

Study type: Observational
Model: Case-control
Time perspective: Prospective
Enrollment: 85
Ages: 18 Years to 75 Years
Sex: All

Study summary

Periodontal health is influenced by various local and systemic factors, with smoking being one of the major environmental risk factors. This clinical study is designed to investigate the biochemical profiles of individuals by measuring apelin, periostin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in both gingival crevicular fluid and serum. The participants will be divided into specific study groups based on their smoking status and periodontal condition. Samples of gingival crevicular fluid and serum will be collected under standard clinical protocols, and biomarker concentrations will be analyzed quantitatively using the ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) method to evaluate their potential correlation with periodontal status.

Conditions studied

Periodontitis (Stage 3)
Periodontal Health
Smoking Cigarette

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In context

Periodontitis

1,664 studies on the registry are indexed under Periodontitis; 328 are open to participants now.

This study's planned enrollment of 85 is close to the median of 89 across 441 observational studies indexed under Periodontitis.

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Lead sponsor

Pamukkale University is the lead sponsor of 340 studies on the registry; 62 are open to participants now.

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Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

Who can participate

Ages eligible: 18 Years to 75 Years
Sexes eligible: All
Accepts healthy volunteers: Yes
Sampling method: Non-probability sample

Study population

The study population will comprise systemically healthy individuals and patients diagnosed with Stage III Periodontitis, categorized by their smoking status, who are admitted to the Department of Periodontology.

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

General Inclusion Criteria (All Groups):

Age 18 years or older.
No history of systemic diseases that could affect periodontal status.

For Group 1 (Non-smoking Periodontally Healthy):

Never smoked in the past 10 years.
Probing pocket depth (PPD) ≤3 mm and no clinical attachment loss (CAL) in the sampled teeth.
Absence of gingival inflammation and no history of periodontal disease.
Bleeding on probing (BOP) affecting less than 10% of total sites.
Good oral hygiene and no more than 4 missing teeth (excluding third molars).

For Group 2 (Smoking Periodontally Healthy):

History of smoking at least 10 cigarettes per day for 5 or more years.
Probing pocket depth (PPD) ≤3 mm and no clinical attachment loss (CAL) in the sampled teeth.
Absence of gingival inflammation and no history of periodontal disease.
Bleeding on probing (BOP) affecting less than 10% of total sites.
Good oral hygiene and no more than 4 missing teeth (excluding third molars).

For Group 3 (Non-smoking Stage III Periodontitis):

Never smoked in the past 10 years.
Diagnosed with generalized Stage III Periodontitis
Presence of periodontal pockets with probing depth ≥6 mm in the sampled teeth.
Radiographic evidence of bone loss.
Absence of any restoration on the teeth selected for sampling.
No more than 4 missing teeth (excluding third molars).

For Group 4 (Smoking Stage III Periodontitis):

History of smoking at least 10 cigarettes per day for 5 or more years.
Diagnosed with generalized Stage III Periodontitis
Presence of periodontal pockets with probing depth ≥6 mm in the sampled teeth.
Radiographic evidence of bone loss.
Absence of any restoration on the teeth selected for sampling.
No more than 4 missing teeth (excluding third molars).

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

Individuals under the age of 18
Individuals with a systemic disease
Cancer patients and those with a history of chemotherapy or radiation therapy
Pregnant and breastfeeding women
People who have quit smoking
Having undergone any periodontal surgical procedure within the last 12 months prior to treatment,
Having undergone periodontal treatment within the last 6 months
Having undergone orthodontic treatment within the last 6 months
Having taken antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, or any other medication within the last 6 months

Study design

Observational model: Case-control
Time perspective: Prospective
Enrollment: 85 participants (estimated)
Patient registry: No

Groups and cohorts

Non-smoking Periodontally Healthy
Systemically and periodontally healthy individuals who do not smoke. Gingival crevicular fluid and serum samples will be collected from this group for biochemical analysis.
Smoking Periodontally Healthy
Systemically healthy individuals who are periodontally healthy and have a history of smoking. Gingival crevicular fluid and serum samples will be collected from this group for biochemical analysis.
Non-smoking Stage III Periodontitis
Non-smoking patients diagnosed with Stage III Periodontitis. Gingival crevicular fluid and serum samples will be collected for biochemical analysis.
Smoking Stage III Periodontitis
Patients with a history of smoking diagnosed with Stage III Periodontitis. Gingival crevicular fluid and serum samples will be collected for biochemical analysis.

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

Apelin, Periostin, and hs-CRP levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) and Serum
Time frame: At baseline, At the time of sample collection

Study locations

1 site

Pamukkale University Faculty of Dentistry Departmant of Periodontology
Denizli, Denizli 20160, Turkey (Türkiye)

References and documents

Individual participant data

Plan to share: No

No publications or documents are linked to this record.

Timeline

1 registry update since Sep 25, 2026

ElapsedEstimatedEstimated, not yet reachedSimilar studies: half by the dot; the band is the middle halfHalf of similar studies reached it by the dot; the band is the middle half, from a quarter to three quarters

Ran from Jan 2025 to primary completion in Aug 2026, 19 months.

Of 115 non-industry observational studies under Periodontitis, half reached primary completion within 12 months of starting (the median), counting those still running; a quarter within 7 and three quarters within 29. This study's 19 months is above that.

Counting every sponsor, half of 116 studies reached it within 12 months; a quarter within 7 and three quarters within 27.

How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.

Registered: Oct 6, 2026
First posted: Oct 13, 2026
StartActual: Jan 7, 2025
Primary completionActual: Aug 28, 2026
CompletionEst.: Jan 31, 2027
Last update: Oct 13, 2026

What these dates mean

Start.: When the first participant enrolled; while estimated, when the study expects to open to recruitment.
Primary completion.: When the last participant was examined or treated to collect data for the study's main question, its primary outcome. A study that stopped early gives the date its data collection stopped.
Completion.: When the last participant's last visit took place, for every outcome, secondary ones and side effects included: the end of the study. Often later than primary completion, sometimes the same day.
Actual and Est.: Actual means the registry says the date has happened. Est. (estimated) is a date the sponsor plans or expects. It can still move, and the sponsor is expected to change it to actual once it has passed.

Registered

First appeared on the registry. No changes since

Oct 13, 2026

Show all 1 update

Oct 13, 2026
First appeared on the registry

From the registry record's own update history. This site started tracking changes on Sep 25, 2026; for anything earlier, see the record history on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

Registry details

Key details

Study ID: NCT07870473
Lead sponsor: Pamukkale University
Responsible party: Aysegül Sener (Research Asistant, Pamukkale University) — Principal investigator
First posted: Oct 13, 2026
Start date: Jan 7, 2025
Primary completion: Aug 28, 2026
Completion: Jan 31, 2027 (estimated)
Last update: Oct 13, 2026

View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

Not currently enrolling

This study is active, not recruiting, as verified in Oct 2026. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.

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