An interventional study of Brain-Machine Interface in Spinal Cord Injury, Able Bodied and Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries, sponsored by José Gabriel da Silva Figueiredo. Enrolling by invitation at 2 sites in Portugal. Open to participants aged 18 Years to 65 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-07-29.
Sponsored by José Gabriel da Silva Figueiredo · Not applicable, Interventional, and Basic science
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a highly debilitating pathology, associated with the loss of sensorimotor functions, autonomy and quality of life. Although there is currently no cure, brain-machine interfaces (BMI) have been used as a method of SCI rehabilitation. BMIs use neurophysiological signals recorded by techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG) to produce a response in a device. Recently, BMIs have achieved clinically relevant improvements in several neuropathologies. However, the biological basis of these therapeutic protocols is yet to be studied, which is extremely important to improve their effectiveness.
Therefore, in this study it is applyed an improved BMI protocol by combination with virtual reality (VR), sensory feedback (visual, auditory, and tactile), and/or exoskeleton to characterize in detail the dynamics of information transfer between the various participants' brain regions (primary objective of the overall study, which involves participants with and without SCI), and improve the rehabilitation of SCI patients. For this, the neurophysiological signals obtained by EEG will be studied, with particular interest in the altered activity that correlates with relevant clinical improvements in the rehabilitation of SCI patients.
At the beginning of the study, the following data will be collected from the participant: age, gender; specifically for participants with SCI, data associated with the injury will also be collected; level and type of injury, time post-injury, functional classification, neurological manifestations, e.g. neuropathic pain.
During the study, the participant will be monitored weekly in a total of 12 sessions, each with an expected duration of one to two hours. In these sessions, the participant will perform a 'BMI protocol': they will move a virtual avatar using motor imagery (thinking about movement) in VR, with sensory feedback provided by VR equipment and tactile sleeves. Participants without SCI will also be able to wear an exoskeleton (ExoAtlet). The VR software was developed by the research group and is locally installed on a computer for exclusive use for the implementation of this BMI protocol. It is important to note that the software operates without a network connection and does not collect any type of personal data. The participants' brain activity will be recorded by the non-invasive EEG technique, while the participant is performing the BMI protocol, in which they will have to perform mental tasks such as walking and resting. Each session has three blocks: a first one for the participant's familiarization with the virtual scenario and/or exoskeleton; and the rest to train and carry out the tasks.
At the end, questionnaires will be carried out to assess comfort or possible undesirable effects during the VR experience (e.g., fatigue or nausea) and the participant will be given the opportunity to report their experience during the session. The EEG data from subsequent sessions will be analyzed and compared over time to identify changes in the participants' brain activity promoted by this rehabilitation protocol. Blood samples will also be collected at the beginning and end of the study (1st and 12th session), to evaluate molecules potentially associated with rehabilitation. These samples, anonymized at the end of their participation in this study, will be preserved in the Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED, University of Aveiro) Biobank for 20 years, under the responsibility of the principal investigators, to be used in the present study. Their samples and anonymized data may be used in other future studies of the same scope, but such use will always require consent from the responsible ethics committee.
Participants with SCI will be asked about the evolution of neuropathic pain (if any) with different pain scales. At the beginning and end of the study (1st and 12th session), the standard neurological and functional classification of the lesion will be performed by physicians/therapists, according to the rehabilitation center's routine. Three months after being discharged from the center, during the revisit consultation, the clinical data described here will be collected again.
2,025 studies on the registry are indexed under Spinal Cord Injuries; 537 are open to participants now.
This study's planned enrollment of 20 is below the median of 24 across 1,633 interventional studies indexed under Spinal Cord Injuries.
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For the spinal cord injury group:
Exclusion Criteria:
Participants with complete SCI who undergo the BMI protocol plus the rehabilition center intervention
Device: Brain-Machine Interface
Participants with incomplete SCI who undergo the BMI protocol plus the rehabilition center intervention
Device: Brain-Machine Interface
Able body participants who undergo the BMI protocol
Device: Brain-Machine Interface
Participants with complete SCI who only receives the rehabilition center intervention
Participants with incomplete SCI who only receives the rehabilition center intervention
The participants will perform a virtual reality (VR)-based brain-machine interface (BMI) protocol: they will move a virtual avatar using motor imagery (thinking about movement) in an immersive VR, with sensory feedback provided by VR equipment and thermo-tactile sleeves. The VR software was developed by the research group and is locally installed on a computer for exclusive use for the implementation of this BMI protocol. The participants will have to perform tasks such as walking and resting in the virtual environment according to a presented visual cue. Each session has three blocks: a first one for the participant's familiarization with the virtual scenario; and the remaining to train and carry out the tasks.
Neural Activity
Neural activity will be recorded with 16-channel electroencephalography (EEG) throughout the sessions to describe its evolution in response to the intervention (brain-machine interface protocol).
Time frame: At each session, from enrollment to the end of participation, at approximately 6 weeks
ISNCSCI
Measurement of the sensorimotor function at the beginning and at the end.
Time frame: Outcome assessed upon admission at the rehabilitation center and re-assessed after up to 12 weeks at discharge. Discharge from the center depends on the patient's individual circumstances (e.g., individual progression, heath facilty transfer).
Slot Blot/ELISA for Targeted Molecular Analysis
Biologic samples (e.g., blood, saliva, urine, etc.) will be collected at enrollment and completion of participation in the study (see Time Frame). They will be processed and targeted molecular markers will be quantified using tools, such as Slot Blot and Ezyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), to be correlated with the other neural and clinical outcomes.
Time frame: Outcome assessed upon enrollment in the study and re-assessed after up to 12 weeks at completion of participation. Completion depends on the patient's individual circumstances (e.g., complications from any cause).
FTIR for Untargeted Molecular Analysis
Biologic samples (e.g., blood, saliva, urine, etc.) will be collected at enrollment and completion of participation in the study (see Time Frame). They will be processed and Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy will be used to discover novel molecular markers of rehabilitation.
Time frame: Outcome assessed upon enrollment in the study and re-assessed after up to 12 weeks at completion of participation. Completion depends on the patient's individual circumstances (e.g., complications from any cause).
Chronic Pain
If present, chronic pain (either nociceptive or neurophatic) will be evaluated through four different scales: visual analog scale (VAS), numerical rating scale (NRS), verbal pain scale, and faces pain scale. Non-numerical assessments (i.e., verbal and faces pain scales) will be then converted to numbers in order to report the average pain score.
Time frame: At each session, from enrollment to the end of the intervention, approximatly 6 weeks.
Intervention Side Effects
Side effects will be measured through the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire.
Time frame: At each session, from enrollment to the end of the intervention, approximatly 6 weeks.
Embodiment
Sense of embodiment towards the virtual avatar and comfort during the experince will be measured using an adaptation of the Embodiment Questionnaire.
Time frame: At each session, from enrollment to the end of the intervention, approximatly 6 weeks.
Independence Measure
Independence will be measured using 4th version of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM IV)
Time frame: Outcome assessed upon admission at the rehabilitation center and re-assessed after up to 12 weeks at discharge. Discharge from the center depends on the patient's individual circumstances (e.g., individual progression, heath facilty transfer).
BMI Performance
Brain-machine interface (BMI) classification performance will be measured and compared against neural data and participant reports.
Time frame: At each session, from enrollment to the end of the intervention, approximatly 6 weeks.
Plan to share: Undecided
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