Efficacy of "DBT-LIVE", an Identity Skills Training Program, for Borderline Personality Disorder.

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• Borderline Personality Disorder 269

Keywords

• DBT
• dialectical behavior therapy
• skills
• identity
• LIVE
• borderline personality disorder

Borderline Personality Disorder

269 studies on the registry are indexed under Borderline Personality Disorder; 67 are open to participants now.

This study's planned enrollment of 112 is above the median of 70 across 215 interventional studies indexed under Borderline Personality Disorder.

Lead sponsor

Universidad Europea de Valencia is the lead sponsor of 8 studies on the registry; 5 are open to participants now.

Study arms

• Experimental
  DBT LIVE

  Identity disturbance skills based in DBT

  Behavioral: DBT LIVE

• Active comparator
  TAU

  Treatment as usual

  Behavioral: TAU

Interventions

• BehavioralDBT LIVE

  Identity disturbance skills based on DBT

• BehavioralTAU

  Treatment as usual

Primary outcomes

1. Self-concept and Identity Measure (SCIM) (Kaufman et al., 2015)

   It is a 27-item self-report instrument designed to evaluate identity consolidation and clinically significant identity disturbance. The SCIM items were created to assess key components of identity, as well as the presence or absence of disturbances in these areas. These components include: a) the continuity of self-concept and roles across different settings and interpersonal contexts, b) the consistency of personal values and interests, c) self-esteem, d) differentiation between oneself and others, and e) self-cohesion, understood as the feeling of being whole or complete. Participants were asked to rate the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with 27 statements. Responses were provided on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 to 7 (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = somewhat disagree, 4 = neither agree nor disagree, 5 = somewhat agree, 6 = agree, and 7 = strongly agree). Subscale scores were computed according to the direction of the construct being measured.

   Time frame: baseline; immediately after the intervention; 6 months

2. Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz & Roemer, 2004); Spanish validation of Hervás & Jódar (2008).

   It adapted into Spanish by Hervás \& Jódar (2008), comprises 28 items that assess difficulties in several domains of emotion regulation, including emotional non-acceptance, emotional neglect, everyday interference, emotional confusion, and emotional dyscontrol. Responses are given on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = almost never; 5 = almost always), with higher scores indicating greater difficulties in emotion regulation. The Spanish version demonstrated high internal consistency .93 and acceptable psychometric properties, as well as convergent and incremental validity in both cross-sectional (N = 254) and longitudinal (N = 60) samples. This makes it a suitable and validated instrument for assessing difficulties in emotion regulation in Spanish-speaking adult populations.

   Time frame: baseline; immediately after the intervention; 6 months

Secondary outcomes

1. Self-compassion Scale (SCS) (Neff, 2003); Spanish validation of García-Campayo et al. (2014).

   Adapted into Spanish by García-Campayo et al. (2014), comprises 26 items (long form) designed to assess self-compassion across six components: self-kindness, self-judgment, common humanity, isolation, mindfulness, and over-identification. Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = almost never; 5 = almost always), with higher values indicating greater self-compassion. The Spanish version demonstrated good internal consistency .87 and adequate psychometric properties, including test-retest reliability and construct validity, supporting its use in Spanish-speaking populations. The authors also validated a short form (12 items, SCS-SF), which showed .85 for the total score and acceptable subscale reliability, as well as stability over time and strong correlation with the full version.

   Time frame: baseline; immediately after the intervention; 6 months

2. Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) (Steger et al., 2006); Spanish validation of Marco et al. (2022).

   In its Spanish version by Marco et al. (2022), measures two core dimensions of meaning in life: presence of meaning and search for meaning. The MLQ is composed of 10 items (five per dimension), rated on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = false; 7 = true), with higher scores indicating greater presence or search of meaning. In the Spanish adaptation, two-factor structure (Presence / Search) was confirmed via confirmatory factor analysis, with good internal consistency (Presence .86; Search .87). Test-retest reliability (one-month interval) was moderate (≈ .70 for Presence; ≈ .73 for Search), and the Spanish MLQ showed adequate convergent validity with measures of purpose, well-being, anxiety, and depression. Therefore, the Spanish MLQ is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing meaning in life in adult Spanish samples.

   Time frame: baseline; immediately after the intervention; 6 months

3. Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R) (Linehan, 1981); Spanish validation of García-Nieto et al. (2013).

   It's a brief self-report instrument consisting of 4 items, designed to assess past and current suicidal thoughts and behaviors, as well as the likelihood of future suicide. In the Spanish adaptation, administered to a sample of 325 undergraduates, the SBQ-R showed good internal consistency .81 and temporal stability (test-retest ICC = .88). A confirmatory factor analysis supported the construct's validity of the scale, and criterion-related validity was demonstrated via correlations with other psychological measures. Thus, the Spanish SBQ-R appears to be a reliable and valid tool for identifying individuals - especially among young adults - at elevated risk of suicidal behavior.

   Time frame: baseline; immediately after the intervention; 6 months

4. Level of Personal Functioning Scale (LPFS) (Bender et al., 2011); Spanish validation of Schetsche, (2021).

   It was translated and adapted into Spanish by Schetsche (2021). The Spanish LPFS-BF 2.0 retains the conceptual structure of the original, assessing personality functioning along two correlated domains: self-functioning and interpersonal functioning, and allowing for a general functioning score. In the adaptation study (N = 361), confirmatory factor analysis supported a bifactorial structure (self-vs. interpersonal functioning plus a general factor), internal consistency was found to be acceptable, and convergent validity was demonstrated through significant correlations with personality trait measures. Therefore, the Spanish LPFS-BF 2.0 constitutes a valid and reliable instrument for assessing personality functioning in Spanish-speaking populations.

   Time frame: baseline; immediately after the intervention; 6 months

5. Acceptability of Intervention Measure (AIM), Intervention Appropriateness Measure (IAM), and Feasibility of Intervention Measure (FIM) (Weiner et al., 2017).

   It's a brief (4-item) self-report instrument designed to assess key implementation outcomes: perceived acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility of an intervention or implementation strategy. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = "completely disagree" to 5 = "completely agree," and higher scores indicate greater perceived acceptability, appropriateness, or feasibility. Psychometric evaluation demonstrated good internal consistency (α between .85 and .91 in the 4-item forms), structural validity (three-factor confirmatory factor analysis with acceptable fit: CFI ≈ 0.96, RMSEA ≈ 0.08), test-retest reliability (coefficients between .73 and .88 after \~7 weeks), known-groups validity, and sensitivity to change across time. Given their brevity, general wording (not tied to specific contexts), and robust psychometric properties, these measures are suitable for use across diverse settings, stakeholder groups, and intervention types.

   Time frame: baseline; immediately after the intervention; 6 months

Individual participant data

Plan to share: No