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RecruitingNCT07155564ValEEUpdated Sep 14, 2026

Validation of Energy Expenditure Measures Study

An observational study in Obesity Prevention and Healthy, sponsored by University of Leipzig. Recruiting at 1 site in Germany. Open to participants aged 18 Years to 65 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-09-14.

Sponsored by University of Leipzig · Observational

From the registry’s dates

  • Started Aug 2025; still recruiting 1 year 2 months later.
Study type
Observational
Model
Cohort
Time perspective
Prospective
Enrollment
49
Ages
18 Years to 65 Years
Sex
All
01

Study summary

The energy that the human body burns and the amount of food consumed determine a person's body weight. If food intake covers the amount of energy burned, body weight remains constant - a state known as energy balance. Achieving an energy balance is not easy in everyday life. This is reflected in the increasing number of people suffering from morbid obesity. To counteract this development, it is important to have a better understanding of how much food a person should eat.

In this study, the investigators will investigate the amount of food needed to meet a person's energy needs and bring them into energy balance.

Primary aims of the study are i) to technically and biologically validate two whole-room indirect calorimeters (WRICs) and ii) by using whole-room indirect calorimetry, to achieve a more accurate estimate of a person's emergy balance compared to common approximation formulas.

Secondary study aims:

  1. To investigate whether the transfer of a person into energy balance using WRIC has an influence on energy expenditure measures compared to the transfer into energy balance using the usual approximation formula.
  2. To investigate whether the transfer of a person into energy balance using WRIC has an influence on activity-dependent energy expenditure measures compared to the transfer into energy balance using the usual approximation formula.
  3. To investigate whether differences in energy expenditure during energy balance during moderate and strenuous physical activity influence food intake.
  4. To investigate whether energy intake in relation to energy expenditure during energy balance is related to weight development
Read the detailed description

Technical Validation: Six 24-hour methanol burns within each of the two WRICs will be conducted for technical validation.

Biological Validation and Energy Balance Component:

After providing informed consent and meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria, study participants will follow a weight-maintaining diet before their first 24-hour stay in a WRIC (Day 4). During this stay, energy expenditure will be measured under conditions of estimated energy balance. As a measure of energy expnediture relative to energy intake, energy balance will be estimated based on resting energy expenditure, an estimated physical activity level, and an approximation formula applied during the screening procedure.

A second 24-hour stay in the WRIC (Day 6), also under conditions of estimated energy balance, will serve for biological validation. After following the weight-maintaining diet for three additional days, a third 24-hour WRIC stay (Day 10) will assess the achievement of near-perfect energy balance. On the day following this stay (Day 11), participants will have access to a buffet and will be allowed to eat ad libitum.

Subsequently, a 3-day run-in period under weight-maintenance conditions will precede reassessment of 24-hour energy expenditure during increased physical activity in the WRIC (Days 15 and 17). Energy expenditure during energy balance will again be compared to ad libitum food intake at a buffet (Day 18).

Follow-up weight measurements will be conducted one year after study completion to evaluate the influence of achieving near-perfect energy balance-or deviations from it-on weight change. Additionally, fasting blood samples will be collected before and after each WRIC stay, as well as before and after ad libitum food intake, to measure hormones related to appetite control and satiety.

Sample size was calculated assuming a detectable mean difference in energy balance of 100 kcal, a standard deviation of 200 kcal, a two-sided α=0.05, and statistical power ≥80%, resulting in an analytical target sample size of 34 study completers. To account for an anticipated dropout rate of approximately 30%, 49 participants will be enrolled. However, interim analysis after n = 8 subjects will be conducted to adjust needed sample size to variability as detected using here implied methods of indirect calorimetry.

The statistical evaluation with regard to i) technical validation, ii) biological validation, and iii) testing the achievability of an energy balance and its effect on energy consumption are carried out using parametric and non-parametric tests. Data are given as mean value with standard deviation. The significance level is P \< 0.05.

02

Conditions studied

  • Obesity Prevention
  • Healthy

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Keywords

  • Energy balance
  • Energy expenditure
  • Weight change
  • Energy intake
  • Indirect calorimetry
03

In context

Body Weight Changes

231 studies on the registry are indexed under Body Weight Changes; 30 are open to participants now.

This study's planned enrollment of 49 is below the median of 180 across 45 observational studies indexed under Body Weight Changes.

Browse Body Weight Changes studies →

Lead sponsor

University of Leipzig is the lead sponsor of 148 studies on the registry; 25 are open to participants now.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

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Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years to 65 Years
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
No
Sampling method
Non-probability sample

Study population

Healthy, non-obese subjects of both sexes.

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

  • Abilty to provide
  • Written declaration of consent
  • Healthy study participants
  • Able to perform moderate physical exercise using a bike ergometer
  • Women: continuous /fullicular phase of menstrual cycle

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Weight change > 5 kg or 5% of body weight in the last 3 months
  • Nicotine abuse, Alcohol/drug abuse
  • Strenuous physical activity in everyday life > 1 h per day
  • \< 18.5 kg/m² or ≥ 40 kg/m²
  • Chronic diseases with an impact on energy expenditure
  • Food allergy/intolerance, vegan diet
  • Circumstances that speak against the application of wearable accelerometers (e.g. silicone contact allergy)
  • Impaired fasting glucose, diabetes mellitus and prediabetes
  • Pregnancy/breastfeeding
  • Claustrophobia
  • Refusal to communicate incidental findings
Terms in these criteria, in plain language(3)

Underlined terms in the criteria open these too. Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.

Informed consent

Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.

You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.

Contraception

Ways of preventing pregnancy. “Highly effective” methods fail less than 1% of the time a year when used correctly — for example an IUD or an implant.

Criteria usually say which methods count and how long to keep using them after the last dose, sometimes for male participants too. Some studies accept a partner’s vasectomy if it was confirmed successful and that person is the participant’s only sexual partner.

BMI (body mass index)

Weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared. Example: 70 kg and 1.75 m gives 70 ÷ (1.75 × 1.75) ≈ 22.9.

What counts as overweight or obesity differs between countries (some use lower cut-offs), so go by the range the study states.

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Study design

Observational model
Cohort
Time perspective
Prospective
Enrollment
49 participants (estimated)
Patient registry
No
Biospecimen retention
Samples with dna

Groups and cohorts

  • Healthy

    Healthy subjects of both sexes meeting inclusion criteria.

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What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Energy balance derived from diet-prescribed energy intake and whole-room indirect calorimeter-measured 24-hour energy expenditure

    Energy balance is calculated as diet-prescribed energy intake minus 24-hour energy expenditure measured by whole-room indirect calorimetry. Energy expenditure and energy intake are assessed repeatedly under low- and high-energy-turnover conditions. The primary analysis compares energy balance during the diet-specified weight-maintaining diet condition with energy balance after adjustment of energy intake to WRIC-measured 24-hour energy expenditure.

    Time frame: From enrollement to the end of 5th stay within the whole-room indirect calorimeter, study day 18.

  2. Coefficient of variation

    Technical and biological validation via repeated assessment of methanol combustion as well as repeated stays within the whole-room indirect calorimeters. Measures: recovery, accuracy, macronutrient oxidation rates, respiratory exchange ratio, energy expenditure measures.

    Time frame: Prior to enrollement of subjects (technical validation). From enrollement to the end of second stay within the whole-room indirect calorimeter, study day 7.

Secondary outcomes

  1. Energy expenditure

    Compared to common approximation formulas, achieving near perfect energy balance using a WRIC has an influence on energy expenditure measures (i.e. 24-hour energy expenditure, sleeping energy expenditure, diet-induced thermogenesis/awake-and-fed thermogenesis, physical exercise energy expenditure)

    Time frame: From enrollement to the end of 5th stay within the whole-room indirect calorimeter, study day 11.

  2. Physical exercise expenditure

    Compared to common approximation formulas, achieving near perfect energy balance using a WRIC has an influence on energy expenditure measures in the setting of increased physical activity (i.e. 24-hour energy expenditure, sleeping energy expenditure, diet-induced thermogenesis/awake-and-fed thermogenesis, physical exercise energy expenditure)

    Time frame: From enrollement to the end of 5th stay within the whole-room indirect calorimeter, study day 18.

  3. Concentrations of hormones involved in energy intake

    (Deviation from) near perfect energy balance relates to ad libitum energy intake and changes in hormones implied in appetite control/satiety. Outcome measures: ad libitum food intake during buffet, Leptin, Ghrelin, thyroid hormones, Cortisol, Insulin, IGF-1, Adiponectin, FGF21)

    Time frame: From enrollement to the end of 5th stay within the whole-room indirect calorimeter, study day 18.

  4. Body weight change

    (Deviation from) near perfect energy balance relates to body weight change.

    Time frame: From enrollement to the end of 5th stay within the whole-room indirect calorimeter, study day 18. Body weight change follow-up one year after completion of the study.

07

Study locations

1 of 1 sites recruiting
  • Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic for Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig
    Leipzig, Saxony 04103, Germany
    Recruiting
08

References and documents

Publications

  • Stinson EJ, Rodzevik T, Krakoff J, Piaggi P, Chang DC. Energy expenditure measurements are reproducible in different whole-room indirect calorimeters in humans. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2022 Sep;30(9):1766-1777. doi: 10.1002/oby.23476. Epub 2022 Aug 3. PubMed 35920141 ↗
  • Piaggi P, Krakoff J, Bogardus C, Thearle MS. Lower "awake and fed thermogenesis" predicts future weight gain in subjects with abdominal adiposity. Diabetes. 2013 Dec;62(12):4043-51. doi: 10.2337/db13-0785. Epub 2013 Aug 23. PubMed 23974925 ↗
  • Weyer C, Snitker S, Rising R, Bogardus C, Ravussin E. Determinants of energy expenditure and fuel utilization in man: effects of body composition, age, sex, ethnicity and glucose tolerance in 916 subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999 Jul;23(7):715-22. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800910. PubMed 10454105 ↗
  • Hollstein T, Ando T, Basolo A, Krakoff J, Votruba SB, Piaggi P. Metabolic response to fasting predicts weight gain during low-protein overfeeding in lean men: further evidence for spendthrift and thrifty metabolic phenotypes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019 Sep 1;110(3):593-604. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz062. PubMed 31172178 ↗
  • Reinhardt M, Thearle MS, Ibrahim M, Hohenadel MG, Bogardus C, Krakoff J, Votruba SB. A Human Thrifty Phenotype Associated With Less Weight Loss During Caloric Restriction. Diabetes. 2015 Aug;64(8):2859-67. doi: 10.2337/db14-1881. Epub 2015 May 11. PubMed 25964395 ↗
  • Heinitz S, Hollstein T, Ando T, Walter M, Basolo A, Krakoff J, Votruba SB, Piaggi P. Early adaptive thermogenesis is a determinant of weight loss after six weeks of caloric restriction in overweight subjects. Metabolism. 2020 Sep;110:154303. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154303. Epub 2020 Jun 27. PubMed 32599082 ↗
  • Ravussin E, Lillioja S, Anderson TE, Christin L, Bogardus C. Determinants of 24-hour energy expenditure in man. Methods and results using a respiratory chamber. J Clin Invest. 1986 Dec;78(6):1568-78. doi: 10.1172/JCI112749. PubMed 3782471 ↗
  • Venti CA, Votruba SB, Franks PW, Krakoff J, Salbe AD. Reproducibility of ad libitum energy intake with the use of a computerized vending machine system. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Feb;91(2):343-8. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28315. Epub 2009 Nov 18. PubMed 19923376 ↗
  • Weise CM, Hohenadel MG, Krakoff J, Votruba SB. Body composition and energy expenditure predict ad-libitum food and macronutrient intake in humans. Int J Obes (Lond). 2014 Feb;38(2):243-51. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2013.85. Epub 2013 May 23. PubMed 23736368 ↗
  • Basolo A, Votruba SB, Heinitz S, Krakoff J, Piaggi P. Deviations in energy sensing predict long-term weight change in overweight Native Americans. Metabolism. 2018 May;82:65-71. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.12.013. Epub 2018 Jan 3. PubMed 29305947 ↗
  • Hall KD, Heymsfield SB, Kemnitz JW, Klein S, Schoeller DA, Speakman JR. Energy balance and its components: implications for body weight regulation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Apr;95(4):989-94. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.036350. No abstract available. PubMed 22434603 ↗

Individual participant data

Plan to share: No — The decision not to share IPD is based on considerations of participant privacy and data protection. Although all data are anonymized, the sensitive nature of the information collected in this study necessitates careful handling to minimize any risk of identification. Furthermore, the informed consent provided by participants does not explicitly include provisions for data sharing beyond the current study. To ensure compliance with ethical guidelines and data protection regulations, the study team has decided not to make IPD available publicly or to external researchers. However, summary data and study findings will be shared through peer-reviewed publications, ensuring transparency and the opportunity for scientific discourse.

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Updates

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Sep 14, 2026, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
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Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT07155564
Collaborators
Helmholtz Zentrum München, University of Pisa
Responsible party
Sascha Heinitz (Physician, University of Leipzig) — Principal investigator
First posted
Sep 4, 2025
Start date
Aug 26, 2025
Primary completion
Jan 31, 2029 (estimated)
Completion
Jan 31, 2029 (estimated)
Last update
Sep 14, 2026

Study contacts

Sascha Heinitz, MD
Contact
sascha.heinitz@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
+49 341 97 13389
Haiko Schlögl, MD
Contact
+49 341 97 13389
Sascha Heinitz, MD
principal investigator · University of Leipzig

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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