An observational study in Pectus Excavatum, sponsored by Erik de Loos. Recruiting at 1 site in Netherlands. Open to participants aged 12 Years to 18 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-03-25.
Sponsored by Erik de Loos · Observational
A questionnaire that can measure disease severity from the patients perspective in patients with pectus excavatum already exists in English (Pectus Excavatum Evaluation Questionnaire; PEEQ). This questionnaire was recently translated into Dutch. Before this Dutch version can be used, it needs to be tested by a number of patients.
Data will be collected at three moments:
79 studies on the registry are indexed under Funnel Chest; 10 are open to participants now.
This study's planned enrollment of 66 is close to the median of 68 across 32 observational studies indexed under Funnel Chest.
Browse Funnel Chest studies →Erik de Loos is the lead sponsor of 3 studies on the registry; 1 is open to participants now.
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Participants will be identified and enrolled during their preoperative visit at the outpatient clinic of Zuyderland Medical Center by a member of the research team.
Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.
Exclusion Criteria:
pectus excavatum patients aged 12 to 18 years old who are scheduled for a Nuss procedure, and their parents or legal guardians.
Structural validity
A Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test and Bartlett's test of sphericity are performed to assess the adequacy of patient sampling before performing further structural tests. Threshold values of ≥ 0.70 in KMO test and p \< 0.05 in Bartlett's test of sphericity indicate the suitability of the collected data for factor analysis (6,7). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), using principal axis factoring and a promax rotation method, will be conducted to identify the underlying factor structure for both the child and parent sections (8,9). These factor structures will later be subjected to confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), using polychoric correlations and robust maximum likelihood estimation, to evaluate the validity of the structures derived from EFA (8,10). Within EFA, the Kaiser criterion (eigenvalue \> 1), explained variance (≥50%), and interpretability principle will be applied to determine the number of factors to be retained. Squared multiple correlations are used to compute the communality
Time frame: Pre-operative assessment of pectus excavatum evaluation questionnaire at the outpatient clinic visit. Minimum score of this questionnaire is 22, maximum score is 88, a higher score indicates a lower disease-related quality of life.
Internal consistency
Cronbach's alpha coefficient, a measure of internal consistency, will be calculated for each subscale. A value \> .70 indicates sufficient reliability of the questionnaire for application at the group level, while a value \> .90 implies suitability for individual assessment
Time frame: Pre-operative assessment of pectus excavatum evaluation questionnaire at the outpatient clinic visit. Minimum score of this questionnaire is 22, maximum score is 88, a higher score indicates a lower disease-related quality of life.
Test-retest reliability
Test-retest reliability for each subscale will be evaluated using a two-way mixed-effects model for the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), type (3.1), with 95% confidence intervals reported (CI) (15). The strength of agreement will be interpreted following the guideline provided by Cicchetti (1994) (16): \< 0.40 = poor, 0.40-0.59 = fair, 0.60-0.74 = good, 0.75-1.00 = excellent. For individual items, quadratic weighted Cohen's kappa will be calculated along with its 95% to identify problematic items, with interpretation based on the standards proposed by Landis and Koch (1977) (17): \<0 = poor, 0.01-0.20 = slight, 0.21-0.40 = fair, 0.41-0.60 = moderate, 0.61-0.80 = substantial, and 0.81-.001 = almost perfect.
Time frame: Pre-operative assessment of pectus excavatum evaluation questionnaire OR the 2 months postoperative assessment will be used as a baseline. Another assessment wil be performed minimally 2 weeks after one of the aforementioned assessments.
Responsiveness
The responsiveness of the questionnaire will be determined using the construct approach in which preoperative and postoperative scores are compared using a paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test for skewed data. The effect size will be expressed in Cohen's d and is calculated as the mean difference divided by the standard deviation of the difference. We hypothesize that the total score on the PEEQ and mean scores per subscale improve after surgical correction of the pectus excavatum deformity as demonstrated by the original questionnaire (2,3). Responsiveness of individual items will be evaluated using a paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test, as appropriate, to guide further item refinement.
Time frame: re-operative assessment of pectus excavatum evaluation questionnaire at the outpatient clinic visit. Minimum score of this questionnaire is 22, maximum score is 88, a higher score indicates a lower disease-related quality of life.
Smallest detectable change
The standard error of measurement (SEM) quantifies the precision of the scores across different time points and is calculated as (18): SEM = squareroot of MSE Where: · Mean square error (MSE) is the error term obtained from repeated measures ANOVA The SDC represents the minimum change in points a patient must score on the questionnaire over time to ensure the observed change reflects a real change and not a measurement error. The SDC is expressed in points on the PEEQ and will be calculated for the mean scores per subscale, and the total scores of the child's section, parent's section and entire questionnaire. The SDC at a 95% confidence level will be calculated as (18): SDC = 1.96 x square root of 2 x SEM Where: * 1.96 is the z-score corresponding to a 95% confidence level * square root of 2 x SEM accounts for the error variance from both time points
Time frame: Pre-operative assessment of pectus excavatum evaluation questionnaire and two months postoperative assessment. Minimum score of this questionnaire is 22, maximum score is 88, a higher score indicates a lower disease-related quality of life.
Floor and ceiling effects
The floor and ceiling effects will be assessed by calculating the proportion of participants scoring the lowest or highest possible scores. Effects are considered substantial if \> 15% of the participants score at the extremes for a specific item or subscale (18).
Time frame: Pre-operative assessment of pectus excavatum evaluation questionnaire and two months postoperative assessment. Minimum score of this questionnaire is 22, maximum score is 88, a higher score indicates a lower disease-related quality of life.
Plan to share: Yes
Supporting information: Study protocol, Statistical analysis plan, Informed consent form
Time frame: trough publication in a peer-reviewed journal
Started Dec 2021 (actual). Primary completion is estimated for Nov 2026, 59 months after the start.
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