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CompletedNCT06913582Updated Apr 6, 2025

The Effectiveness of Distance Yoga Learning in Improving Ma-ternal Pandemic-related Depression and Stress During Pregnancy

An interventional study of Yoga in Pregnancy Related, sponsored by Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. Completed at 1 site in Taiwan. Open to female participants aged 22 Years to 43 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2025-04-06.

Sponsored by Chang Gung Memorial Hospital · Not applicable, Interventional, and Prevention

From the registry’s dates

  • Registered 2 years 8 months after the study started (first participant enrolled Jun 2022, registered Mar 2025).
Phase
Not applicable
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
76
Allocation
Not applicable
Ages
22 Years to 43 Years
Sex
Female
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Study summary

The goal of this quasi-experimental study design is to explore the effects of distance yoga learning in improving depression and pregnancy stress in pregnant women during the pandemic disease. The main questions which aim to answer are:

  1. hypothesis1 - Distance yoga learning can decrease depression during pregnancy.
  2. hypothesis2 -Distance yoga learning can decrease pregnancy stress. The experimental group received a 12-week pregnancy yoga program, including one weekly 60-minute distance yoga class and followed by 2 times of DVD yoga exercise at home while the control group received only routine nursing care.
Read the detailed description

This is a quasi-experimental study design for primiparous women in the obstetrics and gynecology department of a regional hospital as the research subjects. This study received ethical approval from the hospital and all participants provided written informed consent. After the researcher took convenience samples and explained the research purpose in the prenatal parent classroom, they were assigned to the experimental group and the control group according to the wishes of the cases. Pregnant women in the experimental group received routine prenatal care guidance and yoga exercises three times a week, while the control group only received routine pre-natal guidance and the differences between the two groups were compared.

The sample size was estimated using G-power 3.1.9.2 software. The sample size was estimated to be 52 participants. Assuming the attrition rate was 20%, there were 32 people in the experimental group and the control group making a total of 64 participants.

During the study, one participant in the experimental group had premature delivery due to early water rupture, and the other one was hospitalized for tocolysis due to frequent uterine contractions and therefore withdrew from the experiment, resulting in a loss of 2 samples. For control group, one participant was admitted to the hospital for tocolysis due to prepartum hemorrhage and was withdrew from the study. Therefore, a total of 61 participants completed the study .

02

Conditions studied

  • Pregnancy Related

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Keywords

  • distance yoga
  • pandemic
  • depression and stress
  • pregnancy
03

In context

Depression

8,245 studies on the registry are indexed under Depression; 1,641 are open to participants now.

This study's enrollment of 76 is close to the median of 84 across 6,869 interventional studies indexed under Depression.

Browse Depression studies →

Lead sponsor

Chang Gung Memorial Hospital is the lead sponsor of 1,091 studies on the registry; 237 are open to participants now.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

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Who can participate

Ages eligible
22 Years to 43 Years
Sexes eligible
Female
Accepts healthy volunteers
Yes

Eligibility criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

  • First-time mothers between 20 and 26 weeks of pregnancy.
  • normal fetus with a singleton.
  • no history of smoking, drinking, or drug abuse.
  • no bleeding during pregnancy.
  • no related high-risk complications during pregnancy (such as high blood pressure, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, heart dis-ease, etc.).
  • no early abortion symptoms.
  • Able to move normally.
  • Able to listen, speak, read and write Chinese.
  • Able to participate in the research and cooperate in completing the questionnaire.

Exclusion Criteria:Exclusion conditions (any one)

  • Multiparous women.
  • First-time mothers with pregnancy >26 weeks.
  • Multiple births.
  • Symptoms of bleeding or early miscarriage.
  • Related high-risk pregnancy complications.
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Study design

Phase
Not applicable
Primary purpose
Prevention
Allocation
Not applicable
Intervention model
Single group
Masking
None (open label)
Enrollment
76 participants (actual)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    experiment

    A 12-week pregnancy yoga program was delivered to experimental group (n=30) including one weekly 60-minute remote online yoga class and followed by 2 times of DVD yoga exercise.

    Behavioral: Yoga

Interventions

  • BehavioralYoga

    A 12-week pregnancy yoga program was delivered to experimental group (n=30) including one weekly 60-minute remote online yoga class and followed by 2 times of DVD yoga exercise.

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What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. demographic data and exercise history of two groups

    Basic characteristics: Basic personal information included age, height, religious beliefs, marital status, education, daily activities, past medical history, etc. Obstetric variable information included weeks of pregnancy, pre-pregnancy weight, weight gained during pregnancy, and exercise before and during pregnancy, etc.

    Time frame: 12 months

  2. The change of depression status of two groups

    Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale(EPDS): The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale is used to measure prenatal and postpartum depressed mood. There are 10 questions in total, each question is scored on a 4-point scale. According to the order of each option, the first, second and fourth items are scored from 0 to 3 points, the other items are scored from 3 to 0 points, and the total score is from 0 to 30 points. The levels of scale were as follows: 0-9 points: low risk, usually no further psychological intervention is needed; 10-12 points: medium risk, further evaluation and observation are recom-mended; 13 points and above: high risk, comprehensive psychological evaluation and possible intervention measures should be carried out. The higher the score of pregnant women, the more severe the prenatal depression is.

    Time frame: 12 months

  3. Stress during pregnancy of two groups

    Pregnancy Stress Rating Scale (PSRS): The "Pregnancy Stress Scale" developed by Chen, Huang, and Ka in 1991 and revised it into a new version of the "Pregnancy Stress Scale" by Chen was used in this study. The scale has five factors; it mainly measures the psychological stress experienced by women during pregnancy. There are 36 questions in total with the Likert five-point scoring method totaling score of 180 points. The higher the score, the greater the stress during pregnancy. The new version of the "Pregnancy Stress Scale" has good internal consistency (α=.92) and 2-week test-retest reliability (α=.82).

    Time frame: 12 months

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Study locations

1 site
  • Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
    Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
08

References and documents

Publications

  • Nazzari S, Pili MP, Gunay Y, Provenzi L. Pandemic babies: A systematic review of the association between maternal pandemic-related stress during pregnancy and infant development. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2024 Jul;162:105723. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105723. Epub 2024 May 16. PubMed 38762129 ↗
  • Lokken EM, Huebner EM, Taylor GG, Hendrickson S, Vanderhoeven J, Kachikis A, Coler B, Walker CL, Sheng JS, Al-Haddad BJS, McCartney SA, Kretzer NM, Resnick R, Barnhart N, Schulte V, Bergam B, Ma KK, Albright C, Larios V, Kelley L, Larios V, Emhoff S, Rah J, Retzlaff K, Thomas C, Paek BW, Hsu RJ, Erickson A, Chang A, Mitchell T, Hwang JK, Erickson S, Delaney S, Archabald K, Kline CR, LaCourse SM, Adams Waldorf KM; Washington State COVID-19 in Pregnancy Collaborative. Disease severity, pregnancy outcomes, and maternal deaths among pregnant patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in Washington State. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021 Jul;225(1):77.e1-77.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.12.1221. Epub 2021 Jan 27. PubMed 33515516 ↗
  • Zambrano LD, Ellington S, Strid P, Galang RR, Oduyebo T, Tong VT, Woodworth KR, Nahabedian JF 3rd, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Gilboa SM, Meaney-Delman D; CDC COVID-19 Response Pregnancy and Infant Linked Outcomes Team. Update: Characteristics of Symptomatic Women of Reproductive Age with Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Pregnancy Status - United States, January 22-October 3, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Nov 6;69(44):1641-1647. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6944e3. PubMed 33151921 ↗
  • Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, Hui DSC, Du B, Li LJ, Zeng G, Yuen KY, Chen RC, Tang CL, Wang T, Chen PY, Xiang J, Li SY, Wang JL, Liang ZJ, Peng YX, Wei L, Liu Y, Hu YH, Peng P, Wang JM, Liu JY, Chen Z, Li G, Zheng ZJ, Qiu SQ, Luo J, Ye CJ, Zhu SY, Zhong NS; China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 30;382(18):1708-1720. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032. Epub 2020 Feb 28. PubMed 32109013 ↗
  • Marchand G, Patil AS, Masoud AT, Ware K, King A, Ruther S, Brazil G, Calteux N, Ulibarri H, Parise J, Arroyo A, Coriell C, Cook C, Ruuska A, Nourelden AZ, Sainz K. Systematic review and meta-analysis of COVID-19 maternal and neonatal clinical features and pregnancy outcomes up to June 3, 2021. AJOG Glob Rep. 2022 Feb;2(1):100049. doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2021.100049. Epub 2022 Jan 3. PubMed 35005663 ↗
  • Berthelot N, Lemieux R, Garon-Bissonnette J, Drouin-Maziade C, Martel E, Maziade M. Uptrend in distress and psychiatric symptomatology in pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2020 Jul;99(7):848-855. doi: 10.1111/aogs.13925. Epub 2020 Jun 3. PubMed 32449178 ↗
  • Davenport MH, Meyer S, Meah VL, Strynadka MC, Khurana R. Moms Are Not OK: COVID-19 and Maternal Mental Health. Front Glob Womens Health. 2020 Jun 19;1:1. doi: 10.3389/fgwh.2020.00001. eCollection 2020. PubMed 34816146 ↗
  • Lee CF, Hwang FM, Lin HM, Chi LK, Chien LY. The Physical Activity Patterns of Pregnant Taiwanese Women. J Nurs Res. 2016 Dec;24(4):291-299. doi: 10.1097/JNR.0000000000000158. PubMed 27846101 ↗
  • van Mulken MR, McAllister M, Lowe JB. The stigmatisation of pregnancy: societal influences on pregnant women's physical activity Behaviour. Cult Health Sex. 2016 Aug;18(8):921-35. doi: 10.1080/13691058.2016.1148199. Epub 2016 Mar 11. PubMed 26967357 ↗
  • Walasik I, Kwiatkowska K, Kosinska Kaczynska K, Szymusik I. Physical Activity Patterns among 9000 Pregnant Women in Poland: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Mar 9;17(5):1771. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051771. PubMed 32182850 ↗
  • Gawrysiak MJ, Leong SH, Grassetti SN, Wai M, Shorey RC, Baime MJ. Dimensions of distress tolerance and the moderating effects on mindfulness-based stress reduction. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2016 Sep;29(5):552-60. doi: 10.1080/10615806.2015.1085513. Epub 2015 Sep 15. PubMed 26293679 ↗
  • Goyal M, Singh S, Sibinga EM, Gould NF, Rowland-Seymour A, Sharma R, Berger Z, Sleicher D, Maron DD, Shihab HM, Ranasinghe PD, Linn S, Saha S, Bass EB, Haythornthwaite JA. Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2014 Mar;174(3):357-68. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018. PubMed 24395196 ↗
  • Mottola MF, Davenport MH, Ruchat SM, Davies GA, Poitras VJ, Gray CE, Jaramillo Garcia A, Barrowman N, Adamo KB, Duggan M, Barakat R, Chilibeck P, Fleming K, Forte M, Korolnek J, Nagpal T, Slater LG, Stirling D, Zehr L. 2019 Canadian guideline for physical activity throughout pregnancy. Br J Sports Med. 2018 Nov;52(21):1339-1346. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-100056. PubMed 30337460 ↗
  • Farrell T, Reagu S, Mohan S, Elmidany R, Qaddoura F, Ahmed EE, Corbett G, Lindow S, Abuyaqoub SM, Alabdulla MA. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the perinatal mental health of women. J Perinat Med. 2020 Nov 26;48(9):971-976. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2020-0415. PubMed 32975206 ↗
  • Arzamani N, Soraya S, Hadi F, Nooraeen S, Saeidi M. The COVID-19 pandemic and mental health in pregnant women: A review article. Front Psychiatry. 2022 Sep 20;13:949239. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.949239. eCollection 2022. PubMed 36203829 ↗
  • Ghimire U, Papabathini SS, Kawuki J, Obore N, Musa TH. Depression during pregnancy and the risk of low birth weight, preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction- an updated meta-analysis. Early Hum Dev. 2021 Jan;152:105243. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105243. Epub 2020 Oct 24. PubMed 33190020 ↗
  • Brinsley J, Schuch F, Lederman O, Girard D, Smout M, Immink MA, Stubbs B, Firth J, Davison K, Rosenbaum S. Effects of yoga on depressive symptoms in people with mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2021 Sep;55(17):992-1000. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101242. Epub 2020 May 18. PubMed 32423912 ↗
  • Ceulemans D, Thijs I, Schreurs A, Vercammen J, Lannoo L, Deprest J, Richter J, De Catte L, Devlieger R. Screening for COVID-19 at childbirth: is it effective? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Jul;56(1):113-114. doi: 10.1002/uog.22099. No abstract available. PubMed 32449230 ↗
  • Davis K, Goodman SH, Leiferman J, Taylor M, Dimidjian S. A randomized controlled trial of yoga for pregnant women with symptoms of depression and anxiety. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2015 Aug;21(3):166-72. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2015.06.005. Epub 2015 Jun 9. PubMed 26256135 ↗
  • Duchette C, Tolusso DV, Stone WJ, Blankenship MM, Tinius RA. Prenatal Yoga and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Randomized-Control Trial. OBM Integr Compliment Med. 2021;6(4):10.21926/obm.icm.2104051. doi: 10.21926/obm.icm.2104051. Epub 2021 Nov 25. PubMed 35287283 ↗

Individual participant data

Plan to share: No

09

Timeline

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
ElapsedEstimatedEstimated, not yet reachedSimilar studies: half by the dot; the band is the middle halfHalf of similar studies reached it by the dot; the band is the middle half, from a quarter to three quarters

Ran from Jun 2022 to primary completion in Jun 2023, 11 months.

Of 3,016 non-industry interventional studies with no phase under Depression, half reached primary completion within 22 months of starting (the median), counting those still running; a quarter within 10 and three quarters within 43. This study's 11 months is below that.

Counting every sponsor, half of 3,112 studies reached it within 22 months; a quarter within 10 and three quarters within 43.

How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.

Registered
Mar 12, 2025
First posted
Apr 6, 2025
StartActual
Jun 22, 2022
Primary completionActual
Jun 21, 2023
CompletionActual
Jun 21, 2023
Last update
Apr 6, 2025
What these dates mean
Start.
When the first participant enrolled; while estimated, when the study expects to open to recruitment.
Primary completion.
When the last participant was examined or treated to collect data for the study's main question, its primary outcome. A study that stopped early gives the date its data collection stopped.
Completion.
When the last participant's last visit took place, for every outcome, secondary ones and side effects included: the end of the study. Often later than primary completion, sometimes the same day.
Actual and Est.
Actual means the registry says the date has happened. Est. (estimated) is a date the sponsor plans or expects. It can still move, and the sponsor is expected to change it to actual once it has passed.
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Apr 6, 2025, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
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Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT06913582
Responsible party
Wen-Ping Lee (Head Nurse, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital) — Principal investigator
First posted
Apr 6, 2025
Start date
Jun 22, 2022
Primary completion
Jun 21, 2023
Completion
Jun 21, 2023
Last update
Apr 6, 2025

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
Yes
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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