ClinicalTrials.gg
RecruitingNCT06638944Updated Oct 16, 2026

Wearable Biofeedback for Swallowing Disorders Rehabilitation in Stroke and Parkinson Disease

A Phase 2 interventional study of In-person sEMG-biofeedback and Remote sEMG-biofeedback in Dysphagia, Stroke and Parkinson Disease, sponsored by University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Recruiting at 2 sites in United States. Open to participants aged 50 Years to 90 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-10-16.

Sponsored by University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign · Phase 2, Interventional, and Treatment

From the registry’s dates

  • Started Jul 2025; still recruiting 1 year 3 months later.
Updated Oct 16, 2026Eligibility revisedGo to Updates ↓
Phase
Phase 2
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
120
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
50 Years to 90 Years
Sex
All
01

Study summary

Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, is a common symptom of many neurological diseases but its treatment is not well established or easily accessible.

To start addressing this gap, the researchers developed and validated a cost-effective wearable surface electromyography (sEMG) biofeedback sensor technology (i-Phagia), optimized to record muscle activity from the head/neck and provide biofeedback to patients and adherence data to clinicians during swallow therapy. This system has been developed with commercially available and widely used materials and the Purdue University IRB has determined that the device is non-significant risk device.

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if this biofeedback (using this new technology/i-Phagia) when used as an adjunct to a standard swallow therapy protocol works to improve swallowing function in patients with post-acute phase stroke or diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. It will also help the investigators learn whether this therapy protocol is equally effective when provided in-person versus via telehealth. Finally, it will determine which patient factors may influence how well the treatment works.

The main questions it aims to answer are:

  • Does biofeedback (using this new technology/i-Phagia) when used as an adjunct to a standard swallow therapy protocol works better than a standard of care treatment to improve swallowing function in patients with post-acute phase stroke or diagnosed with Parkinson's disease?
  • Is completing the swallow therapy protocol at home (via telehealth) as effective as completing it in-person (in the clinic)?
  • What factors related to the patients (e.g., age, diagnosis, etc.) may influence how well the treatment works?

Participants will:

  • Complete a 12-week swallow treatment protocol (12 treatment visits) either in-person or at home (via telehealth)
  • Complete 3 in-person evaluations (pre-treatment; post-treatment; and at a 12-week post treatment follow-up time point)
  • Exercise at home several days per week and keep a diary/log of their home exercise

The hypothesis is that upon study completion, the efficacy of sEMG biofeedback-facilitated swallow therapy for both in-person and telehealth service delivery in two neurogenic dysphagia populations will have been established, and variables determining response to treatment will begin to be identified.

02

Conditions studied

  • Dysphagia
  • Stroke
  • Parkinson Disease

Keywords

  • biofeedback
  • dysphagia
  • oropharyngeal dysphagia
  • Parkinson disease
  • stroke
  • telehealth
  • wearable
03

In context

Deglutition Disorders

871 studies on the registry are indexed under Deglutition Disorders; 237 are open to participants now.

This study's planned enrollment of 120 is above the median of 60 across 578 interventional studies indexed under Deglutition Disorders.

Browse Deglutition Disorders studies →

Lead sponsor

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is the lead sponsor of 191 studies on the registry; 29 are open to participants now.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

04

Who can participate

The criteria were revised on the registry on Oct 16, 2026. See what changed

Ages eligible
50 Years to 90 Years
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
No

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

  • 50-90 years old
  • a confirmed (by a neurologist/physician) diagnosis of stroke and completion of acute inpatient medical care, as documented by discharge from the acute care setting, or of PD (Hoehn and Yahr Stages II-IV)
  • confirmed oropharyngeal dysphagia, as evaluated during the intervention eligibility assessment by a certified and trained Speech Language Pathologist (SLP)
  • accuracy of exercise performance; as evaluated during the intervention eligibility assessment by a certified and trained SLP
  • independent (or with caregiver support) use of i-Phagia system post pre-intervention training session; as evaluated during the intervention eligibility assessment by a certified and trained SLP

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • known allergy to barium or known/suspected perforation or obstruction of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
  • recent history of pneumonia (past 6 months)
  • head and neck surgery, radiation or trauma
  • other neurological/neuromuscular disorders (e.g., multiple sclerosis, brain tumor, myositis, etc)
  • difficulty complying due to neuropsychological dysfunction determined during the in-house screening
  • currently enrolled in swallow or speech therapy
  • facial hair in the submental (under the chin) area and refusing to shave.
  • known allergies relating to the Ten20® Conductive Paste (this is the conductive paste used to help with sensors signal and adherence to the skin) and/or any of the sensor materials (gold/acrylic) that come into contact with the skin
  • no oropharyngeal dysphagia; as evaluated during the intervention eligibility assessment by the certified and trained SLP
  • inability to perform the prescribed exercises accurately after a maximum of 12 practice trials; as evaluated during the intervention eligibility VFSS assessment by the certified and trained SLP
  • inability to use the system accurately post training (for i-Phagia groups); as evaluated during the intervention eligibility assessment by the certified and trained SLP
  • inability to safely swallow (without aspiration) at least one consistency; as evaluated during the intervention eligibility assessment by the certified and trained SLP
05

Study design

Phase
Phase 2
Primary purpose
Treatment
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Parallel assignment
Masking
Double (Investigator, Outcomes assessor)
Enrollment
120 participants (estimated)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    IN-person i-Phagia

    The treatment group assigned to the IN-PERSON i-Phagia service delivery will use the system to complete a standardized swallowing rehabilitation protocol for 12 weeks with weekly (once per week) treatment sessions in the clinic and 3 days of home practice per week.

    Behavioral: In-person sEMG-biofeedback

  • Active comparator
    Remote i-Phagia

    The treatment group assigned to the REMOTE i-Phagia service delivery will use the i-Phagia system to complete a standardized swallowing rehabilitation protocol for 12 weeks with weekly (once per week) treatment sessions completed remotely (via telehealth) and 3 days of home practice per week.

    Behavioral: Remote sEMG-biofeedback

  • Other
    Standard-of-Care (SOC) Swallow Treatment

    The treatment group assigned to the SOC service delivery will complete the same standardized swallowing rehabilitation protocol and in the same frequency as the i-Phagia groups but without the device. That is, they will complete the protocol for 12 weeks with weekly (once per week) treatment sessions completed in-person and 3 days of home practice per week.

    Behavioral: Standard-of-care treatment

Interventions

  • BehavioralIn-person sEMG-biofeedback

    Participants in this intervention complete a standardized behavioral swallowing rehabilitation protocol for 12 weeks with weekly (once per week) treatment sessions in the clinic and 3 days of home practice per week using the i-Phagia sEMG system. The protocol includes oropharyngeal strength training and skill-based practice exercises. For this group, patients use the sensor patch and the software guides them on how to complete the exercises and receive feedback.

  • BehavioralRemote sEMG-biofeedback

    Participants in this intervention complete a standardized behavioral swallowing rehabilitation protocol for 12 weeks with weekly (once per week) treatment sessions completed remotely (via telehealth) and 3 days of home practice per week. The protocol includes oropharyngeal strength training and skill-based practice exercises. For this group, patients also use the sensor patch and the software guides them on how to complete the exercises and receive feedback.

  • BehavioralStandard-of-care treatment

    Participants in this intervention will complete the same standardized behavioral swallowing rehabilitation protocol and in the same frequency as the sEMG biofeedback intervention groups but WITHOUT a device. That is, they will complete the protocol for 12 weeks with weekly (once per week) treatment sessions completed in-person and 3 days of home practice per week. For this intervention group, patients use a visual analog scale and a timer as feedback tools, as frequently done in clinical practice where sEMG devices are not widely available.

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS)

    The Penetration Aspiration Scale (PAS) is an 8-point scale, where 1 indicates a completely safe swallow without any penetration or aspiration present, and 8 indicates the most severe degree of aspiration with no attempt to clear the aspirated material. The PAS will be rated by trained investigators blinded to group/arm and time.

    Time frame: Pre-treatment; up to 1 week post-treatment; and at a 12-week follow-up

  2. Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS)

    The Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) is a 7-point ordinal scale (1 indicating nothing by mouth-NPO; and 7 indicating eating without restrictions). It will be rated by the evaluating speech-language pathologist/investigator based on patient report of current diet, to assess functional ability for oral intake.

    Time frame: Pre-treatment; up to 1 week post-treatment; and at a 12-week follow-up

  3. Normalized sEMG amplitude

    Normalized surface electromyography (sEMG) amplitude values during standardized swallow tasks and maneuvers will be collected at the evaluation time points. The sEMG data will be analyzed by blinded to group/arm and time investigators using a custom-made EMG analysis Matlab script.

    Time frame: Pre-treatment; up to 1 week post-treatment; and at a 12-week follow-up

Secondary outcomes

  1. Swallowing-related Quality of Life (SWAL-QOL)

    The SWAL-QOL is a 44-item tool/survey consisting of 10 multi-item scales (food selection, burden, mental health, social functioning, fear, eating duration, eating desire, communication, sleep, and fatigue) ranging in score from 0-100. Higher scores indicate better quality of life.

    Time frame: Pre-treatment; up to 1 week post-treatment; and at a 12-week follow-up

  2. Patient Satisfaction

    Satisfaction and ease-of-use/comfort with the modality (in-person; remote), and materials used (e.g., i-Phagia), will be examined as a secondary variable using a 10-item survey with a positive centered 10-point Likert scale. Possible scores 0-100. Higher values indicate better or higher satisfaction/comfort scores.

    Time frame: From date of treatment initiation until the date of the post-treatment evaluation, assessed up to 13 weeks

  3. Treatment adherence

    Treatment adherence will be calculated as a percent - number of treatment days when all exercises are completed over the total number of treatment days.

    Time frame: From date of treatment initiation until the date of the post-treatment evaluation, assessed up to 13 weeks

Other outcomes

  1. Stimulability

    Stimulability is operationally defined as the ability to accurately perform the swallowing maneuvers/exercises immediately or quickly when provided with cues or a model. The number of practice trials required to reach accuracy before treatment is initiated will be recorded, and this number will be used for post-hoc analyses on factors influencing treatment response.

    Time frame: Pre-treatment

07

Study locations

2 of 2 sites recruiting
08

References and documents

Individual participant data

Plan to share: Yes — According to the NIH approved data management and sharing plan, all de-identified demographic, clinical (cognitive, psychological), VFSS, quality of life, satisfaction, safety, treatment adherence and stimulability, and electromyographic data will be shared. All data will be shared in their raw pre-processed format. Respondent identifiers will not be shared. All data will be deidentified prior to receipt by the repository. In addition to the subject level data described above, the VFSS and EMG protocol designs and the treatment protocol will be shared as well, to facilitate replication. This project will use the Purdue University Research Repository (PURR) to publicly share, archive, and preserve the data. PURR utilizes a web-mediated software platform designed for archiving and sharing of scientific data and meets the standards for ISO 16363 Trusted Digital Repositories. Through PURR, investigators that wish to access the data do not need to be affiliated with Purdue University.

Supporting information: Study protocol

Time frame: The data will be published, archived, and freely available to the public at the time of an associated publication or the end of the performance period, whichever comes first. The repository will provide bit-level preservation activities, representation information, and sustained monitoring by repository managers for a period of at least ten years and longer as needed or when required by policy.

Access criteria: A. Factors affecting subsequent access, distribution, or reuse of scientific data: In order to ensure participant consent for data sharing, IRB paperwork and informed consent documents will include language describing plans for data management and sharing data, describing the motivation for sharing, and explaining that personal identifying information will be removed. B. Whether access to scientific data will be controlled: Access to data will be freely available, however researchers will be asked to cite the data source in their publications. C. Protections for privacy, rights, and confidentiality of human research participants: Data will be fully de-identified before being uploaded to PURR. No identifying data will be made available at any time.

No publications or documents are linked to this record.

09

Timeline

1 registry update since Sep 25, 2026
ElapsedEstimatedEstimated, not yet reached

Started Jul 2025 (actual). Primary completion is estimated for Dec 2028, 41 months after the start.

How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.

Registered
Oct 7, 2024
First posted
Oct 15, 2024
StartActual
Jul 22, 2025
Primary completionEst.
Dec 31, 2028
CompletionEst.
Apr 30, 2029
Last update
Oct 16, 2026
What these dates mean
Start.
When the first participant enrolled; while estimated, when the study expects to open to recruitment.
Primary completion.
When the last participant was examined or treated to collect data for the study's main question, its primary outcome. A study that stopped early gives the date its data collection stopped.
Completion.
When the last participant's last visit took place, for every outcome, secondary ones and side effects included: the end of the study. Often later than primary completion, sometimes the same day.
Actual and Est.
Actual means the registry says the date has happened. Est. (estimated) is a date the sponsor plans or expects. It can still move, and the sponsor is expected to change it to actual once it has passed.
Eligibility
1 inclusion criterion edited, 1 removed; 1 exclusion criterion removed
What changed in the criteria
Inclusion criteria
  • Editeda confirmed (by a neurologist/physician) diagnosis of stroke at least 3 months post eventand completion of acute inpatient medical care, as documented by discharge from the acute care setting, or of PD (Hoehn and Yahr Stages II-IV)
  • Removedscore in the normal/mild range on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), determined during an in-house screening
Exclusion criteria
  • Removeda score in the moderate-severe range on MoCA (screened during in-house screening)
Oct 16, 2026
Show all 1 update
  1. Oct 16, 2026
    Eligibility 1 inclusion criterion edited, 1 removed; 1 exclusion criterion removed
    What changed in the criteria
    Inclusion criteria
    • Editeda confirmed (by a neurologist/physician) diagnosis of stroke at least 3 months post eventand completion of acute inpatient medical care, as documented by discharge from the acute care setting, or of PD (Hoehn and Yahr Stages II-IV)
    • Removedscore in the normal/mild range on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), determined during an in-house screening
    Exclusion criteria
    • Removeda score in the moderate-severe range on MoCA (screened during in-house screening)
    + 2 other changes: verification date and description

From the registry record's own update history. This site started tracking changes on Sep 25, 2026; for anything earlier, see the record history on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

10

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT06638944
Responsible party
Georgia Malandraki (Professor, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) — Principal investigator
First posted
Oct 15, 2024
Start date
Jul 22, 2025
Primary completion
Dec 31, 2028 (estimated)
Completion
Apr 30, 2029 (estimated)
Last update
Oct 16, 2026

Study contacts

Georgia Malandraki, PhD
Contact
georgiam@illinois.edu
217-265-7561
Jaime Bauer Malandraki, MS
Contact
jaimebm@illinois.edu
217-265-7561
Georgia Malandraki, PhD
principal investigator · University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
Yes
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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