An observational study in Chronic Subdural Hematoma, sponsored by University of Freiburg. Recruiting at 1 site in Germany. Open to participants aged 18 Years and older. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2024-06-26.
Sponsored by University of Freiburg · Observational
Background: Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is a type of intracranial bleeding, predominantly affecting the elderly and males, with an estimated incidence of 8/100.000. The collection of subdural fluid expands slowly, leading eventually to brain tissue compression that results in neurological impairment such as seizures, cognitive decline, and paresis. Most patients need neurosurgical evacuation of the blood to improve and to prevent further, possibly permanent deterioration. Evidently, the cause of such a bleeding must be investigated and if possible treated, or preventive strategies need to be installed if possible. Spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks are a known cause of cSDH but are widely underdiagnosed in this population.
The spinal CSF leak causes CSF loss that leads to intracranial hypotension, expansion of intracerebral veins, and traction to the brain and the surrounding tissues. A cSDH is a severe complication of such a leak and occurs in about 30% of all cases with a predominance among the elderly. It is crucial to identify these patients with a spinal leak as treatment pathways differ essentially from patients without a leak. Some smaller studies indicated a prevalence of spinal CSF leaks among cSDH patients of 30% to 80% depending on selection criteria (age, extend of cSDH). Notably, the entity of the CSF-venous fistula, that has been discovered as recent as 9 years ago, and that by now is accounting for 20-25% of all spinal leaks, has not been considered in previous research on cSDH and spinal CSF leaks.
Currently, there is no prospective data on spinal CSF leaks in patients with cSDH. Establishment of such data is crucial to improve diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms for spinal CSF leaks in patients with cSDH.
Objective: To prospectively assess the prevalence of spinal CSF leaks in patients with cSDH Methods: This is a prospective observational, monocentric study on patients admitted due to cSDH to the Department of Neurosurgery at the Medical Center of the University of Freiburg. Treatment and diagnostic procedures will follow standard protocols. The number of spinal CSF leaks will be assessed to generate the prevalence of spinal CSF leaks in this patient cohort. Furthermore, clinical data, the specific type of the CSF leak, and imaging parameters are assessed systematically to estimate the diagnostic value of these measures.
Background:
Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) refers to a blood- and fluid-collection between the brain and the dura that is most common in the elderly with a male predominance. Patients present with headaches, gait instabilities, cognitive impairments, decline of vigilance, hemiparesis, aphasia, or seizures. These symptoms usually lead to hospital admission where the diagnosis can be easily depicted by non-contrast computer tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Image characteristics of the transformed hemoglobin of the blood indicate the chronicity, therefore, the rather slow development of this intracranial hemorrhage. Smaller parts of acute bleeding can attribute to a faster progression. Incidence across all ages is reported at about 8/100.000, while age-depended incidence increases up to 64/100.000 at age of > 79 years. About 2/3 present with unilateral, 1/3 with bilateral hematoma.
A symptomatic cSDH requires surgical treatment, which might range from twist drill trepanation with or without drain to open trepanation and fluid evacuation in order to prevent permanent brain damage and further deterioration. Recurrence rates are up to 20%. The mortality rate is increased even after successful treatment of the bleeding.
The actual cause for the development of cSDH is yet not sufficiently explored. While a history of minor head trauma is often reported as the leading cause of cSDH, a minor trauma cannot account for the entire pathology in cSDH. Some mechanisms are reported that are rather believed to maintain but not to initiate the process: Characteristic membranes are built that are thought to cause further exudation and hemorrhage. Fragile vessels are discussed to contribute to the process, stimulated by inflammation and poor angiogenesis. Recent efforts to therapeutically address inflammation as a primary target failed, which highlights the critical need of improved therapies.
Over the past years, it has become evident, yet widely neglected in clinical daily life, that many cases of cSDH are caused by spinal cerebro spinal fluid (CSF) leaks that lead to spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). These leaks lead to a continuous loss of CSF, which therefore causes hypotension and traction within the skull that is most sever in upright position. This intracranial hypotension can lead to the development of cSDH.
If this underlying cause of cSDH is not diagnosed and if it remains untreated, the persistent spinal leak maintains the process of traction and bleeding - leading to a recurrence of the cSDH with a high likelihood and risking further brain damage. Also, there is a risk of further impairment of health and quality of life due to an untreated spinal CSF leak itself (e.g., chronic headache, hearing impairment up to hearing loss, cognitive decline, and superficial siderosis. Unfortunately, spinal CSF leaks are often not investigated, or overseen. The diagnostic sensitivity regarding spinal CSF leaks largely depends on the awareness, experience and dedication of the medical professionals. In an emergency due to intracranial bleeding, a medical history of seemingly fewer threatening symptoms like orthostatic headache or hearing impairment is likely overseen by patients and the medical team, alike. Thus, symptoms and signs are easily missed in cSDH cohorts if not specifically investigated.
In patients with atraumatic, bilateral cSDH, it has already become textbook knowledge that investigation for spinal CSF leaks should be conducted. Nevertheless, according to literature, current observations, and expert opinion, a limitation exclusively to bilateral cSDH cannot be justified and sets misdiagnosed patients at risk of further harm. It must be recognized that the mentioned limitation to bilateral cSDH is based on research at times of less sensitive diagnostics without knowledge on the variety of spinal CSF leaks. For example, the discovery of CSF-venous fistulas at the spine has been one of the few genuine new discoveries in Neuroradiology within the past 9 years. By now, within the investigator's cohort, this type of leak accounts for >20% of all leaks and is rather detected in the elderly (mean age 57 years vs. 44 years other leaks, p=0.002), a cohort that is also more likely to develop cSDH. For example: to investigate for CSF-venous fistulas, a conventional prone myelography would lead to a false-negative results, as myelography would need to be performed in lateral decubitus position. Furthermore, another type of a sacral leak has recently been discovered. Therefore, all formerly gathered data on cSDH and SIH need to be interpreted in respect to current developments and the former lack of diagnostic sensitivity. Thus, in experienced SIH centers, it has been established to screen for spinal leaks irrespective of age and size to prevent false treatment and recurrence of cSDH.
Literature on spinal CSF leaks in patients with bilateral and unilateral cSDH reports high rates ranging from 26% to even 80 %. The analysis of retrospective data of 216 SIH patients with a proven and surgically treated spinal CSF leak across all ages showed, that 60/216 (30%) had cSDH, with a clear predominance of bilateral (88%) over unilateral (12%) hematomas. Careful management of the bleeding and most importantly closure of the leak led - so far - to no detected recurrence of the cSDH in this cohort. Data also suggest that the development of cSDH is more likely in older SIH patients, which also are more likely to develop CSF-venous fistulas that yet have not been subject of investigation in cSDH cohorts. Also, the intake of oral anticoagulation should not prevent further investigation for spinal CSF leaks, as there is evidence that oral anticoagulation is quite often not the definitive cause of cSDH but rather an additional factor.
In summary, cSDH and SIH are interlinked. Older data suggested that only younger patients with cSDH and bilateral cSDH should be suspected to suffer from spinal leaks. In contrast, current data imply that spinal leaks can cause unilateral and bilateral cSDH at any age. On the other hand, there might be a publication bias as with any retrospective studies and prospective data is needed.
Aims:
Primary aim:
a) To estimate the prevalence of spinal CSF leaks in patients with chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH)
Secondary aims:
Methods:
The study is monocentric. The design is prospective, longitudinal, and observational.
New patients with cSDH admitted to the investigator's department will be screened on a daily basis. The patients, or their caregivers, respectively, will be informed and included upon given written informed consent. As many patients will need emergency evacuation of the subdural hematoma, patients will be specifically asked to consent that data starting at time of admission can be investigated.
Diagnostic, treatment, and follow-up procedure will follow clinical standards according to established standard operating procedures (SOP). This standard includes a screening MRI of the brain and spine for signs of spinal CSF leaks. These results in combination with patients' history will be given to the interdisciplinary SIH-Board for consideration. In case of evidence for SIH, further investigation for spinal CSF leaks are initiated.
Evidence of SIH can be found in the MRI of the spine as spinal longitudinal epidural collection (SLEC) for some leak types. Further signs indicating a moderate or higher risk of a spinal CSF leaks is a Bern Score of 3 or higher in the MRI of the head. Also, clinical symptoms indicative of spinal CSF leaks, such as orthostatic headache are considered.
According to the SOP, the follow-up visits will be scheduled depending on the clinical course that determines the frequencies of visits needed. Follow-ups are conducted at least up to 6 months to scan for resurge of the cSDH and outcome of the procedures, including at least one follow-up visit including imaging after 3 months.
This study aims to collect a dataset containing clinical workups up to the 6 months follow-up per participant following standardoperating procedures.
Considerations on sample size As this is an explorative, observational study without formal sample size estimation, the study is limited by time of duration (24 months), not by exact numbers.
By an estimated population of 1.74 Mio and an incidence of cSDH of 8/100.000, about 140 patients should be expected per year, adding up to approximately 280 patients with cSDH. Considering some patients and/or caregivers who do not consent, a realistic number of 220 to 240 might be achieved.
With this sample size, it would be able to estimate the prevalence with a 95% Wilson confidence interval (CI) with a width of 11-13% (for prevalences of 20-80%). For example with a sample size of 220 and a prevalence of 50%, the 95% Wilson CI would be 43.4-56.5%.
112 studies on the registry are indexed under Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic; 49 are open to participants now.
This study's planned enrollment of 220 is close to the median of 210 across 20 observational studies indexed under Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic.
Browse Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic studies →University of Freiburg is the lead sponsor of 27 studies on the registry; 5 are open to participants now.
Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.
All patients admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery with cSDH on imaging will be approached and informed about the study after initial treatment of the intracranial hemorrhage if indicated.
In case of legal incapacity, the designated caregiver and legal council will be approached for consent. The inclusion of this vulnerable group is considerable as they represent an important subgroup of patients. Otherwise, the trial would not be suitable to represent a typical patient cohort, and data would not be meaningful for clinical standards. The inclusion of vulnerable groups seems justifiable as there will be no additional procedure performed other than clinical standard work-up.
Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.
Exclusion Criteria:
Underlined terms in the criteria open these too. Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.
You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.
A reason a treatment, test or procedure should not be given to a particular person, such as an allergy, another illness or a medicine they take.
Informed consent
Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.
You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Contraindication
A reason a treatment, test or procedure should not be given to a particular person, such as an allergy, another illness or a medicine they take.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
1. Chronic subdural hematoma on imaging (CT/MRI) 2. Age: 18 years or older 3. Informed consent
evidence of a spinal CSF leak (yes/no)
The primary endpoint is evidence of a spinal CSF leak (yes/no) in patients with chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) depicted by MRI: evidence spinal longitudinal extradural fluid (SLEC), or Myelogram: detection of spinal CSF leak
Time frame: up to 4 weeks
Number of identified CSF leak types:
* Ventral leak * Lateral leak * CSF-venous fistula * Sacral leak * Undefined
Time frame: up to 4 weeks
Number of diagnostic procedures performed:
* CT head * MRI head * MRI spine * Myelography
Time frame: up to 6 month
Number, and site of interventions needed for cSDH:
* Twist drill trephination * Twist drill trephination with drain * Conventional trepanation * Twist drill trephination or conventional trepanation with drain and any form of controlled lavage (saline and or clot lysis) * Embolisation of media meningeal artery
Time frame: up to 6 month
Color of hematoma evacuated:
* clear to amber-colored (yes/no) * "motor-oil" appearance (yes/no)
Time frame: up to 6 month
Age
in years
Time frame: at time of inclusion
body height
height (m)
Time frame: at time of inclusion
body weight
weight (kg) Body mass index derived by height and weight (kg/m2)
Time frame: at time of inclusion
Body mass index (BMI)
derived by height and weight (kg/m2)
Time frame: at time of inclusion
sex
* male * female * diverse
Time frame: at time of inclusion
Karnofsky Index
Range: 0-100%, 100% indicating best health
Time frame: up to 6 months
Anti-platelet therapy intake
* yes * no
Time frame: up to 6 months
Anticoagulation intake
* yes * no
Time frame: up to 6 months
Blood pressure medication intake
* yes * no
Time frame: up to 6 months
Lipid regulation medication intake
* yes * no
Time frame: up to 6 months
Hormonal regulation medication intake
* yes * no
Time frame: up to 6 months
Immunotherapeutic medication intake
* yes * no
Time frame: up to 6 months
other medication intake
* yes * no
Time frame: up to 6 months
history of trauma
* No trauma, * recent trauma within 0-4 weeks, * past trauma \>4 weeks ago
Time frame: up to 6 months
national institutes of health stroke scale (NIHSS)
range 0 to 42, 0 indicating no neurological deficits
Time frame: up to 6 months
gait disorder
* yes * no
Time frame: up to 6 months
Modified Rankin Scale (mRS)
range 0-6, 0 indicating best health
Time frame: up to 6 months
Headache-Impact-Test (HIT)-6
- Headache-Impact-Test (HIT)-6 range 36 to 78 points, 78 indicating highest impact of headaches
Time frame: up to 6 months
current working capacity,
range 0 to 5, 0 indicating full capacity
Time frame: up to 6 months
complaints
* current complaints (descriptively) * most stressful complaint (descriptively)
Time frame: up to 6 months
headache severity
range 0 to 10, 10 indicating most severe pain
Time frame: up to 6 months
Days within the last month
* with headaches * with pain medication intake in the last month
Time frame: up to 6 months
maximum duration being continuously upright
in hours
Time frame: up to 6 months
severeness of dizziness
- in 0 to 10, 10 being most severe
Time frame: up to 6 months
Severeness of shoulder- and neck pain
- in 0 to 10, 10 being most severe
Time frame: up to 6 months
severeness of nausea
- in 0 to 10, 10 being most severe
Time frame: up to 6 months
severeness of hearing disturbances and tinnitus
- in 0 to 10, 10 being most severe
Time frame: up to 6 months
severeness of cognitive deficits
- in 0 to 10, 10 being most severe
Time frame: up to 6 months
severeness of visual disturbances
- in 0 to 10, 10 being most severe
Time frame: up to 6 months
exhaustion
-rated between 0 to 5, with 5 indicating highest burden
Time frame: up to 6 months
ability to focus and concentrate
rated between 0 to 5, with 5 indicating highest burden
Time frame: up to 6 months
Patient's Global Impression of Change (PGIC)
Patient's Global Impression of Change (PGIC), range 7 to 42, 7 indicating highest improvements
Time frame: up to 6 months
Self-Administered Comorbidity Questionnaire (SCQ)
- 13-item Self-Administered Comorbidity Questionnaire (SCQ), range 0 to 39, 0 indicating lowest burden
Time frame: up to 6 months
5 dimension / 5 levels European Quality of life questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) Index
\<0 to 1, 1 indicating unimpaired health
Time frame: up to 6 months
5 dimension / 5 levels European Quality of life questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) visual analogue scale
0 to 100, with 100 indicating unimpaired wellbeing
Time frame: up to 6 months
Hematocrit
in%
Time frame: up to 2 days
Size of the chronic subdural hematoma
mm\^3
Time frame: up to 6 month
Volumetry of the cranial compartments
mm\^3
Time frame: up to 6 month
Bern-Score according to Dobrocky et al
ange 0 to 9 with 9 indicating highest likelihood of a spinal CSF leak * Spinal longitudinal extradural fluid collection (SLEC)(yes/no) * DiverTICula (TIC) (yes/no)
Time frame: up to 6 month
Spinal longitudinal extradural fluid collection (SLEC)
* yes * no
Time frame: up to 6 month
DiverTICula (TIC)
* yes * no
Time frame: up to 6 month
Plan to share: No
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