An observational study in Chronic Pain, sponsored by Akdeniz University. Enrolling by invitation at 1 site in Turkey. Open to participants aged 6 Years to 18 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2023-06-01.
Sponsored by Akdeniz University · Observational
Biological, psychological, and social factors all influence a child's sense of pain. Pain beliefs can have a significant impact on a person's perception of pain and adherence to treatment. As a result, pain management requires a thorough examination of the factors that influence pain perception. Coping is a cognitive and behavioral response to conditions and threats based on by personal or environmental factors. Children who do not have adequate coping mechanisms suffer from more severe pain. As a result, dealing with pain is a crucial part of pain management. This highlights the need of assessing pain coping in children when treating chronic pain. The purpose of this study is to show that the Turkish version of the Pain Coping Questionnaire (PCQ), which assesses children's pain coping techniques, is valid and reliable, as well as to ensure that it is culturally appropriate.
Pain is a biopsychosocial term that comprises sensory, cognitive, and emotional factors. The biological, psychological, and cognitive aspects of pain are all present. Pain symptoms and comorbid symptoms are biological characteristics; anxiety, depression, and rage are psychological characteristics; and the ability to cope, catastrophize, and manage pain are cognitive characteristics. As a result, pain is influenced by a person's past experiences and beliefs. Pain that lasts longer than three months is referred to as chronic pain. A major issue is the high prevalence of chronic pain in children. Children with chronic pain have a lower quality of life than their healthy peers. Furthermore, this effect is unrelated to the degree of biological damage. Some children are more sensitive to pain than others, regardless of the severity of the condition. Because psychological, cognitive, and social variables influence an individual's perception of pain in addition to biological tissue damage.
The use of coping techniques in children varies based on the diagnosis, age, and gender of the child, according to the literature. Inadequate coping techniques are linked to a lower quality of life and increased pain severity. As a result, pain assessment in children with chronic pain should be done within a biopsychosocial framework. Various assessments have been developed to assess children's pain tolerating abilities. The Pain Coping Questionnaire (PCQ) was created to evaluate problem-focused, emotional-focused, and avoidance-focused coping strategies in children. It's the most commonly used scale for assessing children's coping techniques. The purpose of this study is to show that the Turkish version of the Pain Coping Questionnaire is valid and reliable (PCQ).
2,930 studies on the registry are indexed under Chronic Pain; 701 are open to participants now.
This study's planned enrollment of 330 is above the median of 126 across 688 observational studies indexed under Chronic Pain.
Browse Chronic Pain studies →Akdeniz University is the lead sponsor of 289 studies on the registry; 60 are open to participants now.
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Children are diagnosed with chronic pain and their parents Children without chronic pain and their parents
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria for Healthy Children:
Exclusion Criteria for Healthy Children:
Children with chronic pain
children without chronic pain
Evaluation of coping strategies
Pain Coping Questionnaire: Evaluates the coping strategies of children and adolescents with a total of 39 items in 8 subscale. These are seeking knowledge, problem solving, seeking social support, positive self-suggestion, behavioral distraction, cognitive distraction, externalization, and internalization/catastrophizing. Items are assessed on a 5-point Likert scale, with 1 indicating never and 5 indicating very often. Higher ratings indicate higher use of coping strategy. PCQ consists of parent and adolescent form.
Time frame: Baseline
Evaluation of pain
Wong baker faces pain scale: It is a valid and reliable scale preferred by children and their families to evaluate the severity of pain. It consists of 6 facial expressions that symbolize the severity of pain. These show the stages of increased pain from a smiling face (0 points) to a very sad and crying face (10 points). The meaning of each facial expression is carefully explained to the child. Children rate pain intensity according to face shapes.
Time frame: Baseline
Evaluation of pain acceptance
Pain Flexibility Scale for Children: The scale assesses children's pain acceptance in chronic pain.It has a total of 20 questions divided into two sub-sections: valued activities and pain resistance. Pain resistance examines pain avoidance and control, whereas valued behaviors assesses involvement in meaningful activities despite pain. The scale is a seven-point Likert scale, with 0 indicating total disagreement (never true), and 6 indicating total agreement (Always true).
Time frame: Baseline
Plan to share: No — The study result will be published to the journal
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Akdeniz University