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RecruitingNCT05317832Updated Jun 24, 2026

Using Smartphones to Improve Physical Activity Levels of Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury

A Phase 2 interventional study of WI program and WI Program Reminder in Spinal Cord Injuries, sponsored by Temple University. Recruiting at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years to 75 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-06-24.

Sponsored by Temple University · Phase 2, Interventional, and Prevention

From the registry’s dates

  • Started May 2023; still recruiting 3 years 5 months later.
Phase
Phase 2
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
196
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
18 Years to 75 Years
Sex
All
01

Study summary

The overarching goal of this research study is to evaluate a sensor-enabled, just-in-time adaptive intervention (JITAI) strategy to increase and sustain physical activity levels among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) in their communities. A primary objective of this study is to evaluate the integration of a JITAI with a web-based physical activity intervention program. We hypothesize that the integration of web-based physical activity intervention program with JITAI will result in significantly higher physical activity levels compared to the standard web-based physical activity intervention program alone. A secondary objective of this study is to extend existing algorithms that use commercial wearable technology to robustly detect physical activity behaviors to facilitate the delivery of tailored just-in-time actionable feedback and physical activity recommendations for individuals with SCI.

Read the detailed description

The integration of the JITAI, which provides feedback and physical activity recommendations due to sensor-based assessments of physical activity, with a standard web-based physical activity intervention program will be tested via a clinical trial. Specifically, individuals with SCI will be randomized to web-based physical activity intervention program (WI) or web-based physical activity intervention program combined with the JITAI (WI + JITAI). Within the WI + JITAI arm, a micro-randomized trial - a clinical trial design for optimizing mobile-Health interventions - will be used to randomize participants several times a day to various types of tailored feedback and physical activity recommendations.

Aim 1: Evaluate the efficacy of the WI + JITAI compared to the standard WI alone. We hypothesize that the integration of WI + JITAI will result in significantly higher physical activity levels compared to the standard WI alone.

Aim 2: Use a micro-randomized trial design to optimize the delivery of just-in-time physical activity feedback and recommendations in promoting physical activity.

Aim 3: Investigate moderators of the effect of WI + JITAI vs. standard WI alone. Moderators will include age, gender, race/ethnicity, level of injury, function, mobility, pain, and fatigue.

The proposed study will yield novel insights about JITAIs and JITAIs combined with more traditional, WI programs, which will help researchers design engaging physical activity interventions for individuals with disability in the community that may improve their health and quality of life.

02

Conditions studied

  • Spinal Cord Injuries

Keywords

  • spinal cord injuries
  • physical activity
  • wearable sensors
  • mobile health
  • just-in-time adaptive intervention
03

In context

Spinal Cord Injuries

2,025 studies on the registry are indexed under Spinal Cord Injuries; 537 are open to participants now.

This study's planned enrollment of 196 is above the median of 24 across 1,633 interventional studies indexed under Spinal Cord Injuries.

Browse Spinal Cord Injuries studies →

Lead sponsor

Temple University is the lead sponsor of 223 studies on the registry; 29 are open to participants now.

Of its 12 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 7 (58%) have results posted.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years to 75 Years
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
No

Eligibility criteria

Inclusion Criteria: Participants with SCI will be included if they are:

  • 18-75 years of age
  • have a traumatic or non-traumatic SCI (classification of neurological level of injury at cervical level 5 (C5) and below)
  • are at least 6-months post-SCI
  • use a manual or a power wheelchair as their primary means of mobility (>80% of time)
  • can use their arms to exercise
  • show readiness to physical activity as assessed by the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire
  • have experience using a smartphone and smartwatch.

Exclusion Criteria: Participants will be excluded if they have:

  • any secondary complications that medically restrict their activity in any way such as cardiovascular disease, pressure injuries, contractures, and infections
  • are diagnosed with traumatic brain injury.
05

Study design

Phase
Phase 2
Primary purpose
Prevention
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Parallel assignment
Masking
Single (Participant)
Enrollment
196 participants (estimated)

Study arms

  • Active comparator
    Web-based physical activity intervention (WI) program

    Participants in the WI arm will take part in the WI program (weeks 3 to 16). After the WI program is completed in week 16, the participants will transition to the physical activity sustainability phase which will include participants having continued access to the information provided during the WI program (weeks 17 to 24).

    Behavioral: WI program · Behavioral: WI Program Reminder · Other: Weekly PA Information

  • Experimental
    Web-based physical activity intervention (WI) program + just-in-time adaptive intervention (JITAI)

    Participants in the WI + JITAI arm will take part in the WI program (weeks 3 to 16). After the WI program is completed in week 16, the participants will transition to the physical activity sustainability phase which will include participants having continued access to the information provided during the WI program (weeks 17 to 24). In addition, participants will have access to the JITAI that will provide just-in-time feedback and physical activity recommendations (weeks 3 to 24). The type of the feedback and recommendation messages in the WI + JITAI arm will be delivered using micro-randomization, which involves random selection of intervention components at each possible time of delivery.

    Behavioral: WI program · Behavioral: WI Program Reminder · Behavioral: JITAI Goal Setting · Behavioral: JITAI physical activity message · Other: Notification EMA · Other: End of day EMA · Other: Wake up time EMA · Other: Weekly PA Information · Other: Daily PA Information

Interventions

  • BehavioralWI program

    This 14-week web-based physical activity intervention (WI) program was developed by the National Center on Health, Physical Activity and Disability. The WI program was developed with guidance from literature and practice in health behavior change and internet-based health promotion programming. The content and features of the WI program include motivational resource, updated weekly resources, and customizable features.

  • BehavioralWI Program Reminder

    Participants will be provided with reminders to use the WI program

  • BehavioralJITAI Goal Setting

    Participants will be provided with standard, tailored, or no goal for the day. The goal will focus on recommending minutes of moderate-intensity (or higher) physical activity and a reminder to perform strength exercises.

  • BehavioralJITAI physical activity message

    Participants will be provided with minutes of moderate-intensity (or higher) physical activity achieved, minutes of physical activity remaining, or no message.

  • OtherNotification EMA

    Participants will be inquired through an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) if they received a JITAI physical activity message.

  • OtherEnd of day EMA

    Participants will be inquired, through an ecological momentary assessment (EMA), if they performed aerobic and/or strength exercises for the day.

  • OtherWake up time EMA

    Participants will be inquired, through an ecological momentary assessment (EMA), about the time they plan to wake up next day. This information will be used to provide a goal setting message for next day.

  • OtherWeekly PA Information

    Participants will have access to minutes of moderate-intensity (or higher) physical activity performed over the last 7 days.

  • OtherDaily PA Information

    Participants will have access to minutes of moderate-intensity (or higher) physical activity performed over the day.

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Change in moderate-intensity (or higher) physical activity

    The change in average duration of moderate-intensity (or higher) physical activity, measured via mobile-health sensor (smartwatch that is part of the just-in-time adaptive intervention system - JITAI), between baseline and WI program.

    Time frame: Baseline (week 2) and WI Program (week 16)

  2. Change in moderate-intensity (or higher) physical activity

    The change in average duration of moderate-intensity (or higher) physical activity, measured via mobile-health sensor (smartwatch that is part of the just-in-time adaptive intervention system - JITAI), between baseline and physical activity sustainability.

    Time frame: Baseline (week 2) and physical activity sustainability (week 24)

  3. Self-reported change in moderate-intensity (or higher) physical activity

    The change in average duration of moderate-intensity (or higher) physical activity, measured via Physical Activity Recall Assessment for People with Spinal Cord injury (PARA-SCI) survey, between baseline and WI program.

    Time frame: Baseline (week 2) and WI Program (week 16)

  4. Self-reported change in moderate-intensity (or higher) physical activity

    The change in average duration of moderate-intensity (or higher) physical activity, measured via Physical Activity Recall Assessment for People with Spinal Cord injury (PARA-SCI) survey, between baseline and physical activity sustainability.

    Time frame: Baseline (week 2) and physical activity sustainability (week 24)

  5. Self-reported change in moderate-intensity (or higher) leisure time physical activity

    The change in average duration of moderate-intensity (or higher) physical activity, measured via Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire for People with SCI (LTPAQ-SCI) survey, between baseline and WI program.

    Time frame: Baseline (week 2) and WI program (week 16)

  6. Self-reported change in moderate-intensity (or higher) leisure time physical activity

    The change in average duration of moderate-intensity (or higher) physical activity, measured via Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire for People with SCI (LTPAQ-SCI) survey, between baseline and physical activity sustainability.

    Time frame: Baseline (week 2) and physical activity sustainability (week 24)

  7. Change in proximal physical activity

    The primary analysis for this study will address the question of whether, on average, the feedback and physical activity recommendations from JITAI will have a proximal effect on minutes of physical activity performed over the next 120 minutes during the WI program among those who are available at the previous randomization decision point.

    Time frame: WI Program (week 2) and WI Program (week 16)

  8. Change in proximal physical activity

    The primary analysis for this study will address the question of whether, on average, the feedback and physical activity recommendations from JITAI will have a proximal effect on minutes of physical activity performed over the next 120 minutes during the physical activity sustainability among those who are available at the previous randomization decision point.

    Time frame: Physical activity sustainability (week 17) and Physical activity sustainability (week 24)

Secondary outcomes

  1. Pain level number

    The International SCI Pain Basic Data Set Version 2.0 form will allow us to collect the pain level (number) in the participants over the course of the study.

    Time frame: Baseline (weeks 0 and 2), WI Program (weeks 2, 8 and 16), physical activity sustainability (week 24)

  2. Pain level type

    The International SCI Pain Basic Data Set Version 2.0 form will allow us to collect the types of pain (nociceptive, neuropathic, and other) in the participants over the course of the study.

    Time frame: Baseline (weeks 0 and 2), WI Program (weeks 2, 8 and 16), physical activity sustainability (week 24)

  3. Fatigue level

    The Neuro-QOL Item Bank Version 1.0 Fatigue Short form will allow us to collect fatigue level.

    Time frame: Baseline (weeks 0 and 2), WI Program (weeks 2, 8 and 16), physical activity sustainability (week 24)

Other outcomes

  1. Physical activity recommendations from JITAI

    The study will assess if physical activity recommendations from JITAI will lead to (on average) more days of aerobic and strength exercises per week during the WI program. The information whether the participants performed their aerobic and strength exercises will be assessed through an ecological momentary assessment from the mobile-health application.

    Time frame: WI Program (weeks 2-16)

  2. Physical activity recommendations from JITAI

    The study will assess if physical activity recommendations from JITAI will lead to (on average) more days of aerobic and strength exercises per week during the physical activity sustainability. The information whether the participants performed their aerobic and strength exercises will be assessed through an ecological momentary assessment from the mobile-health application.

    Time frame: Physical activity sustainability (weeks 17-24)

  3. Feedback about physical activity levels from JITAI

    The study will assess if feedback about their physical activity levels from JITAI will lead to (on average) more minutes of aerobic exercise during the WI program. The information whether the participants performed more aerobic exercise will be measured via mobile-health sensor (smartwatch).

    Time frame: WI Program (weeks 2-16)

  4. Feedback about physical activity levels from JITAI

    The study will assess if feedback about their physical activity levels from JITAI will lead to (on average) more minutes of aerobic exercise during the physical activity sustainability. The information whether the participants performed more aerobic exercise will be measured via mobile-health sensor (smartwatch).

    Time frame: physical activity sustainability (weeks 17-24)

  5. Age

    Age will be assessed as a moderator for Aim 3.

    Time frame: Baseline (week 0)

  6. Sex

    Biological sex will be examined as a potential time-invariant moderator for Aim 3.

    Time frame: Baseline (week 0)

  7. Race/ethnicity

    Race/ethnicity will be examined as a potential time-invariant moderator for Aim 3.

    Time frame: Baseline (week 0)

  8. American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS)

    SCI impairment will be assessed using the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment scale (AIS) from the American Spinal Injury Association.

    Time frame: Baseline (week 0)

  9. SCI and level of injury

    SCI and level of injury will be assessed using the SCI Spinal Column Injury Basic Data Set Form.

    Time frame: Baseline (week 0)

  10. Non-traumatic SCI

    Non-traumatic SCI will be assessed using the Non-traumatic SCI Data set Version 1.0 Form.

    Time frame: Baseline (week 0)

  11. Functional level of participants

    Spinal Cord Independence Measure version III (SCIM III) survey will be used to measure the functional levels of participants. The functional levels of participants is assessed through performance in activities of daily living and mobility.

    Time frame: Baseline (week 0)

  12. Assistive or Mobility device use

    Descriptive information about participants using an assistive technology device or mobility device will be collected through an Assistive Mobility Devices and Orthoses Form (survey).

    Time frame: Baseline (week 0)

07

Study locations

1 of 1 sites recruiting
08

References and documents

Publications

  • Carey RL, Le H, Coffman DL, Nahum-Shani I, Thirumalai M, Hagen C, Baehr LA, Schmidt-Read M, Lamboy MSR, Kolakowsky-Hayner SA, Marino RJ, Intille SS, Hiremath SV. mHealth-Based Just-in-Time Adaptive Intervention to Improve the Physical Activity Levels of Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc. 2024 Jun 28;13:e57699. doi: 10.2196/57699. PubMed 38941145 ↗

Individual participant data

Plan to share: Yes — Sharing of data generated by the proposed research study will be carried out in several different ways. We will make our results available both to the consumers with SCI and scientific community. Conversely, we would welcome collaboration with others who could make use of the information gained in this project. Temple University and its collaborators will remain Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) compliant and all data will remain free of identifiers and variables that could lead to disclosure of participant identity. During the study, preliminary analyses will be conducted at periodic intervals. Our plan is to disseminate our findings in the form of interdisciplinary peer-reviewed manuscripts and presentations at national and international conferences.

Supporting information: Study protocol, Statistical analysis plan

Time frame: The research team will work to make the data available in a reasonable amount of time after its collection and following the acceptance for publication of the main findings. Rules for maintaining and distributing data of Temple University and the NIH will be followed.

Access criteria: Requests for data from other scientists will be considered with provision of the following information: A brief description of the specific aims and/or hypotheses, data requirements, proposed analyses, how the data will be used, timeframe for use, and Institutional Review Board (IRB) approvals. Any identifying information in the data will be redacted before sharing. In an effort to provide further protection, parties requesting data will be asked to agree to use the data solely for research purposes, to refrain from identifying participants in any manner, to secure the data electronically through encryption and/or password protection, and to return or destroy the data upon completion of the analyses.

09

Updates

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Jun 24, 2026, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
10

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT05317832
Lead sponsor
Temple University
Responsible party
Sponsor
First posted
Apr 8, 2022
Start date
May 25, 2023
Primary completion
Dec 31, 2026 (estimated)
Completion
Jun 30, 2027 (estimated)
Last update
Jun 24, 2026

Study contacts

Shivayogi V Hiremath, PhD
Contact
shiv.hiremath@temple.edu
2152040496
Shivayogi V Hiremath, PhD
principal investigator · Temple University

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
Yes
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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