Ultrasound Diagnosis of Placental and Umbilical Cord Anomalies in Singleton Pregnancies Resulting From In-vitro Fertilization

This was a multicenter prospective cohort study study involving two tertiary centres (S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna and Institute for Women's Health and University College of London). All patients with a singleton pregnancy conceived with IVF were consecutively recruited between 1st of May 2019 to 31st March 2021. Each case was matched with a control presenting with a SC during the same period of time.

All patients had antenatal care using a similar clinical protocol, which included at 11-14 weeks (nuchal thickness screening scan), 19-22 weeks (detailed fetal anatomy scan) and 33-35 weeks (growth scan). All ultrasound examinations are carried out transvaginally and/or transabdominally by experienced operators using a high-resolution ultrasound equipment. Ultrasound findings of placental and/or umbilical cord abnormalities were recorded in each case using a standardized reporting protocol including placental location, cord insertion. The placenta was recorded as "low lying" when the edge was 0.5-2 cm from the internal os of the uterine cervix. When the placenta was \<0.5cm from the internal os or completely covering it, it was defined as placenta previa (marginal or complete). Ultrasound signs of PAS were recorded using the standardized description proposed by the EW-AIP including for grey scale imaging: loss of clear zone, myometrial thinning, the presence of placental lacunae; bladder wall interruption; placental bulge and focal exophytic mass and for CDI: utero-vesical hypervascularity; subplacental hypervascularity; bridging vessels and lacunae feeder vessels. Additional transabdominal and transvaginal sonographic (TVS) examinations of the placenta and cord insertion were performed at 28-30 weeks and 35-36 weeks when anomalies were identified at the 19-22 weeks scan.

Women with multiple pregnancies or requiring emergency delivery before 32 weeks were excluded from the study group. All patients were managed according to local protocols.

Patient's demographic data, previous obstetric and gynecological history, clinical findings, ultrasound data and images and symptoms at the time of the first examination were recorded and stored in a specialized database (Viewpoint Version 5, Bildverargeritung GmbH, Munich, Germany). All placentas were examined at delivery by the obstetric team and histopathological evaluation has been carried out when clinically indicated.