An interventional study of Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels and Exposure to calorie information in Food Preferences, sponsored by University of Pennsylvania. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years and older, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2024-04-04.
Sponsored by University of Pennsylvania · Not applicable, Interventional, and Prevention
The aim of this study is to determine the degree to which sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) warning labels increase consumers' knowledge about the potential health harms of SSBs and reduce SSB purchases and consumption. 216 racially and ethnically diverse parents of children 6-11 years old will be recruited to buy snacks and beverages for four weeks via an online store that ships participants their purchases. Participants will be randomized to either 1) calorie labels (control); or 2) sugar graphic warning labels. The investigators hypothesize that sugar graphic warning labels displayed in an online store in weeks 2-4 will lead to the greatest reductions from week 1 across both primary outcomes compared to the control group that will only see calorie labels.
During this study, participants will shop in an online store created using Shopify for four weeks. In this within-participant design, the first week of shopping is baseline. Participants will then be randomized to different store interfaces for the remaining three weeks based on one of two warning label conditions: 1) calorie labels (control); or 2) sugar graphic warning labels. Participants will complete a brief survey at the start of the study to assess demographic information, information about parent and child beverage consumption, and their online shopping experiences. At the end they will complete another survey about their beverage consumption, their experience shopping in the store, whether they noticed and used the warning labels, and their ability to recall the warning label message. Participants will also be asked about their perceptions of a specific type of warning label in this final survey. Upon completion of the survey, participants will be shown a debriefing statement explaining the study purpose. After they read the information, they will be asked whether or not they consent to allow their data to be used in this study.
40 studies on the registry are indexed under Food Preferences; 13 are open to participants now.
This study's enrollment of 216 is above the median of 154 across 29 interventional studies indexed under Food Preferences.
Browse Food Preferences studies →University of Pennsylvania is the lead sponsor of 1,664 studies on the registry; 236 are open to participants now.
Of its 156 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 107 (69%) have results posted.
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Exclusion Criteria:
Calorie label (control) will display a calories per package label on all beverages, not just sugary drinks. This is modeled after the American Beverage Association's current "Clear on Calories" labels. Additionally, all snack items will have a calories per serving label.
Behavioral: Exposure to calorie information
All products in this arm will also have calorie labels. Beverages with added sugar will also have sugar graphic warning labels with the text: "WARNING: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay" along with graphics depicting the amount of sugar in the beverage.
Behavioral: Exposure to sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels · Behavioral: Exposure to calorie information
Graphic images of the amount of sugar (randomly assigned teaspoons, packets, or cubes) and text warning labels
Calories for all beverages and foods
Beverage Calories Purchased, Week 1
Logged beverage calories/100mL purchased. Number of servings per item and number of items per package varied by product; therefore, calorie amounts were standardized to calories/100mL for beverages.
Time frame: one week
Beverage Calories Purchased, Weeks 2-4
Logged average beverage calories/100mL purchased per week over Weeks 2-4. Number of servings per item and number of items per package varied by product; therefore, calorie amounts were standardized to calories/100mL for beverages.
Time frame: three weeks
Beverage Added Sugars Purchased, Week 1
Beverage grams of added sugars/100mL purchased. Number of servings per item and number of items per package varied by product; therefore, added sugar amounts were standardized to grams of added sugar/100mL for beverages.
Time frame: one week
Beverage Added Sugars Purchased, Weeks 2-4
Average beverage grams of added sugars/100mL purchased per week over Weeks 2-4. Number of servings per item and number of items per package varied by product; therefore, added sugar amounts were standardized to grams of added sugar/100mL for beverages.
Time frame: three weeks
Number Purchasing a Sweetened Beverage, Week 1
Number of parents buying a sweetened beverage within each condition
Time frame: one week
Number Purchasing a Sweetened Beverage, Weeks 2-4
Number of parents buying a sweetened beverage at any point during Weeks 2-4, within each condition
Time frame: three weeks
Snack Calories Purchased, Week 1
Logged snack calories/100g purchased. Number of servings per item and number of items per package varied by product; therefore, calorie amounts were standardized to calories/100g for snacks.
Time frame: one week
Snack Calories Purchased, Weeks 2-4
Logged average snack calories/100g purchased per week over Weeks 2-4. Number of servings per item and number of items per package varied by product; therefore, calorie amounts were standardized to calories/100g for snacks.
Time frame: three weeks
Snack Added Sugars Purchased, Week 1
Snack grams of added sugars/100g purchased. Number of servings per item and number of items per package varied by product; therefore, added sugar amounts were standardized to grams of added sugar/100g for snacks.
Time frame: one week
Snack Added Sugars Purchased, Weeks 2-4
Average snack grams of added sugars/100g purchased per week over Weeks 2-4. Number of servings per item and number of items per package varied by product; therefore, added sugar amounts were standardized to grams of added sugar/100g for snacks.
Time frame: three weeks
Total Calories Purchased, Week 1
Log of the summed beverage and snack calories purchased
Time frame: one week
Total Calories Purchased, Weeks 2-4
Log of the average summed beverage and snack calories purchased per week over Weeks 2-4
Time frame: three weeks
Total Added Sugars Purchased, Week 1
Summed grams of beverage and snack added sugars purchased
Time frame: one week
Total Added Sugars Purchased, Weeks 2-4
Average summed grams of beverage and snack added sugars purchased per week over Weeks 2-4
Time frame: three weeks
Volume of Sweetened Beverages Consumed by Child, Baseline
Ounces of sweetened beverages (labeled in sugar condition) consumed per day in the last month by the child as measured by the Beverage Intake Questionnaire (BEV-Q) parent self-report survey.
Time frame: baseline
Volume of Sweetened Beverages Consumed by Child, Final
Ounces of sweetened beverages (labeled in sugar condition) consumed per day in the last month by the child as measured by the Beverage Intake Questionnaire (BEV-Q) parent self-report survey.
Time frame: Week 4
Volume of Sweetened Beverages Consumed by Parent, Baseline
Ounces of sweetened beverages (labeled in sugar condition) consumed per day in the last month by the parent as measured by the Beverage Intake Questionnaire (BEV-Q) self-report survey.
Time frame: baseline
Volume of Sweetened Beverages Consumed by Parent, Final
Ounces of sweetened beverages (labeled in sugar condition) consumed per day in the last month by the parent as measured by the Beverage Intake Questionnaire (BEV-Q) self-report survey.
Time frame: Week 4
Noticing the Label
Participants will respond "yes," "no," or "I don't know" to the item: "When you selected a beverage to purchase in the store, did you notice any labels on the beverages other than calorie information?"
Time frame: Week 4
Perceived Label Influence
Participants will respond: "yes", "no," or "I did not notice any labels" in response to the question of whether the label influenced their purchase.
Time frame: Week 4
How Much do You Trust the Information on This Label
"How much do you trust the information on this label?". Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater trust in the label.
Time frame: Week 4
Likelihood of Label Changing Thoughts
"If this government warning label were on a beverage, how much would it change your thoughts about the healthiness of that beverage for your child?" Responses will be measured with a 5-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 5=A lot. Higher numbers indicate the label would be more likely to change perceptions of beverage healthiness.
Time frame: Week 4
Encourage You to Give Fewer Beverages to Your Child
"If you saw this government warning label on a beverage, would the label encourage you to serve your child that beverage less often?" Responses will be measured with a 5-point Likert scale where 1=Definitely no and 5=Definitely yes. Higher numbers indicate greater likelihood of serving unhealthy beverages less often.
Time frame: Week 4
Negative Reactions to the Label
Average negative emotional response to the label will be examined (said the warning label made them feel worried, fearful, guilty, or disgusted or grossed out). Responses will be measured with a 5-point Likert scale averaging across the 4 negative emotions where 1=Not at all and 5=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate more negative reactions.
Time frame: Week 4
Child Enjoyment of Water
"How much do you think your child would enjoy this product?" Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater enjoyment of the product.
Time frame: Week 4
Child Enjoyment of Orange Juice
"How much do you think your child would enjoy this product?" Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater enjoyment of the product.
Time frame: Week 4
Child Enjoyment of Soda
"How much do you think your child would enjoy this product?" Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater enjoyment of the product.
Time frame: Week 4
Child Enjoyment of Sports Drink
"How much do you think your child would enjoy this product?" Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater enjoyment of the product.
Time frame: Week 4
Likely to Serve or Buy Water
"How likely are you to serve or buy this product for your child in the next 4 weeks?" Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater likelihood of serving or buying the product for their child.
Time frame: Week 4
Likely to Serve or Buy Orange Juice
"How likely are you to serve or buy this product for your child in the next 4 weeks?" Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater likelihood of serving or buying the product for their child.
Time frame: Week 4
Likely to Serve or Buy Soda
"How likely are you to serve or buy this product for your child in the next 4 weeks?" Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater likelihood of serving or buying the product for their child.
Time frame: Week 4
Likely to Serve or Buy Sports Drinks
"How likely are you to serve or buy this product for your child in the next 4 weeks?" Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater likelihood of serving or buying the product for their child.
Time frame: Week 4
Health Beliefs and Risk Perceptions Index for Water
Summed responses to the following 7 health perception questions, 6 of which are prompted with the statement "Drinking this product often would…". The statements end with the following health belief and risk perception language: "lead my child to gain weight," "increase my child's risk of heart disease," "increase my child's risk of diabetes," "make my child feel energized," "help my child focus at school", and "help my child live a healthy life." The other item is: "How healthy do you think this product is for your child?" Responses to questions about weight gain, heart disease, and diabetes will be reverse coded, so higher scores on the summed index will indicate a stronger positive health perception of the beverages. This index ranges 7 to 49.
Time frame: Week 4
Health Beliefs and Risk Perceptions Index for Orange Juice
Summed responses to the following 7 health perception questions, 6 of which are prompted with the statement "Drinking this product often would…". The statements end with the following health belief and risk perception language: "lead my child to gain weight," "increase my child's risk of heart disease," "increase my child's risk of diabetes," "make my child feel energized," "help my child focus at school", and "help my child live a healthy life." The other item is: "How healthy do you think this product is for your child?" Responses to questions about weight gain, heart disease, and diabetes will be reverse coded, so higher scores on the summed index will indicate a stronger positive health perception of the beverages. This index ranges 7 to 49.
Time frame: Week 4
Health Beliefs and Risk Perceptions Index for Soda
Summed responses to the following 7 health perception questions, 6 of which are prompted with the statement "Drinking this product often would…". The statements end with the following health belief and risk perception language: "lead my child to gain weight," "increase my child's risk of heart disease," "increase my child's risk of diabetes," "make my child feel energized," "help my child focus at school", and "help my child live a healthy life." The other item is: "How healthy do you think this product is for your child?" Responses to questions about weight gain, heart disease, and diabetes will be reverse coded, so higher scores on the summed index will indicate a stronger positive health perception of the beverages. This index ranges 7 to 49.
Time frame: Week 4
Health Beliefs and Risk Perceptions Index for Sports Drinks
Summed responses to the following 7 health perception questions, 6 of which are prompted with the statement "Drinking this product often would…". The statements end with the following health belief and risk perception language: "lead my child to gain weight," "increase my child's risk of heart disease," "increase my child's risk of diabetes," "make my child feel energized," "help my child focus at school", and "help my child live a healthy life." The other item is: "How healthy do you think this product is for your child?" Responses to questions about weight gain, heart disease, and diabetes will be reverse coded, so higher scores on the summed index will indicate a stronger positive health perception of the beverages. This index ranges 7 to 49.
Time frame: Week 4
Estimate of How Many Teaspoons of Added Sugar Are in Water
This variable will be measured continuously based on a text box provided to participants. Median teaspoons in each condition will be assessed
Time frame: Week 4
Estimate of How Many Teaspoons of Added Sugar Are in Orange Juice
This variable will be measured continuously based on a text box provided to participants. Median teaspoons in each condition will be assessed
Time frame: Week 4
Estimate of How Many Teaspoons of Added Sugar Are in Soda
This variable will be measured continuously based on a text box provided to participants. Median teaspoons in each condition will be assessed
Time frame: Week 4
Estimate of How Many Teaspoons of Added Sugar Are in Sports Drinks
This variable will be measured continuously based on a text box provided to participants. Median teaspoons in each condition will be assessed
Time frame: Week 4
Perceived Amount of Added Sugar in Water
This variable will be measured with a 3-point ordinal Likert scale with values: 1 = "too little for my child", 2 = "just right for my child" and 3 = "too much for my child". Higher scores indicate beverage is perceived as having too much added sugar.
Time frame: Week 4
Perceived Amount of Added Sugar in Orange Juice
This variable will be measured with a 3-point ordinal Likert scale with values: 1 = "too little for my child", 2 = "just right for my child" and 3 = "too much for my child". Higher scores indicate beverage is perceived as having too much added sugar.
Time frame: Week 4
Perceived Amount of Added Sugar in Soda
This variable will be measured with a 3-point ordinal Likert scale with values: 1 = "too little for my child", 2 = "just right for my child" and 3 = "too much for my child". Higher scores indicate beverage is perceived as having too much added sugar.
Time frame: Week 4
Perceived Amount of Added Sugar in Sports Drinks
This variable will be measured with a 3-point ordinal Likert scale with values: 1 = "too little for my child", 2 = "just right for my child" and 3 = "too much for my child". Higher scores indicate beverage is perceived as having too much added sugar.
Time frame: Week 4
Participants were recruited online from October 2021 to November 2022.
| Milestone | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Started | 108 | 108 |
| Completed | 94 | 95 |
| Not completed | 14 | 13 |
| Withdrew: Lost to follow-up | 2 | 0 |
| Withdrew: Withdrawal by subject | 1 | 0 |
| Withdrew: Ineligible based on baseline survey (eligible based on protocol: recruitment screener) | 11 | 11 |
| Withdrew: Ineligible because pilot participants. the protocol changed after running them. | 0 | 2 |
Logged beverage calories/100mL purchased. Number of servings per item and number of items per package varied by product; therefore, calorie amounts were standardized to calories/100mL for beverages.
| Logged calories/100mL | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Beverage Calories Purchased, Week 1 | 1.43 ± 0.62 | 1.40 ± 0.62 |
Logged average beverage calories/100mL purchased per week over Weeks 2-4. Number of servings per item and number of items per package varied by product; therefore, calorie amounts were standardized to calories/100mL for beverages.
| Logged calories/100mL | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Beverage Calories Purchased, Weeks 2-4 | 1.49 ± 0.50 | 1.43 ± 0.48 |
Beverage grams of added sugars/100mL purchased. Number of servings per item and number of items per package varied by product; therefore, added sugar amounts were standardized to grams of added sugar/100mL for beverages.
| g/100mL | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Beverage Added Sugars Purchased, Week 1 | 8.95 ± 8.75 | 8.10 ± 8.43 |
Average beverage grams of added sugars/100mL purchased per week over Weeks 2-4. Number of servings per item and number of items per package varied by product; therefore, added sugar amounts were standardized to grams of added sugar/100mL for beverages.
| g/100mL | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Beverage Added Sugars Purchased, Weeks 2-4 | 8.90 ± 8.07 | 6.99 ± 7.06 |
Number of parents buying a sweetened beverage within each condition
| Participants | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Number Purchasing a Sweetened Beverage, Week 1 | 67 | 68 |
Number of parents buying a sweetened beverage at any point during Weeks 2-4, within each condition
| Participants | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Number Purchasing a Sweetened Beverage, Weeks 2-4 | 77 | 73 |
Logged snack calories/100g purchased. Number of servings per item and number of items per package varied by product; therefore, calorie amounts were standardized to calories/100g for snacks.
| Logged calories/100g | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Snack Calories Purchased, Week 1 | 2.89 ± 0.22 | 2.94 ± 0.22 |
Logged average snack calories/100g purchased per week over Weeks 2-4. Number of servings per item and number of items per package varied by product; therefore, calorie amounts were standardized to calories/100g for snacks.
| Logged calories/100g | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Snack Calories Purchased, Weeks 2-4 | 2.94 ± 0.21 | 2.96 ± 0.20 |
Snack grams of added sugars/100g purchased. Number of servings per item and number of items per package varied by product; therefore, added sugar amounts were standardized to grams of added sugar/100g for snacks.
| g/100g | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Snack Added Sugars Purchased, Week 1 | 28.3 ± 28.0 | 31.2 ± 29.0 |
Average snack grams of added sugars/100g purchased per week over Weeks 2-4. Number of servings per item and number of items per package varied by product; therefore, added sugar amounts were standardized to grams of added sugar/100g for snacks.
| g/100g | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Snack Added Sugars Purchased, Weeks 2-4 | 38.3 ± 32.1 | 37.3 ± 26.0 |
Log of the summed beverage and snack calories purchased
| Logged calories | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Total Calories Purchased, Week 1 | 3.52 ± 0.26 | 3.55 ± 0.22 |
Log of the average summed beverage and snack calories purchased per week over Weeks 2-4
| Logged calories | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Total Calories Purchased, Weeks 2-4 | 3.56 ± 0.22 | 3.55 ± 0.22 |
Summed grams of beverage and snack added sugars purchased
| Grams | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Total Added Sugars Purchased, Week 1 | 353 ± 300 | 321 ± 260 |
Average summed grams of beverage and snack added sugars purchased per week over Weeks 2-4
| Grams | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Total Added Sugars Purchased, Weeks 2-4 | 378 ± 277 | 327 ± 238 |
Ounces of sweetened beverages (labeled in sugar condition) consumed per day in the last month by the child as measured by the Beverage Intake Questionnaire (BEV-Q) parent self-report survey.
| Ounces | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Volume of Sweetened Beverages Consumed by Child, Baseline | 6.4 (0 to 192) | 7.2 (0 to 240) |
Ounces of sweetened beverages (labeled in sugar condition) consumed per day in the last month by the child as measured by the Beverage Intake Questionnaire (BEV-Q) parent self-report survey.
| Ounces | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Volume of Sweetened Beverages Consumed by Child, Final | 6.4 (0 to 156) | 7.2 (0 to 240) |
Ounces of sweetened beverages (labeled in sugar condition) consumed per day in the last month by the parent as measured by the Beverage Intake Questionnaire (BEV-Q) self-report survey.
| Ounces | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Volume of Sweetened Beverages Consumed by Parent, Baseline | 4 (0 to 200) | 6 (0 to 240) |
Ounces of sweetened beverages (labeled in sugar condition) consumed per day in the last month by the parent as measured by the Beverage Intake Questionnaire (BEV-Q) self-report survey.
| Ounces | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Volume of Sweetened Beverages Consumed by Parent, Final | 3.4 (0 to 160) | 5.6 (0 to 240) |
Participants will respond "yes," "no," or "I don't know" to the item: "When you selected a beverage to purchase in the store, did you notice any labels on the beverages other than calorie information?"
| Participants | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Yes | 34 | 62 |
| No | 48 | 22 |
| Don't know | 12 | 10 |
Participants will respond: "yes", "no," or "I did not notice any labels" in response to the question of whether the label influenced their purchase.
| Participants | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Yes | 15 | 41 |
| No | 19 | 21 |
| I did not notice any labels | 60 | 32 |
"How much do you trust the information on this label?". Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater trust in the label.
| units on a scale | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| How Much do You Trust the Information on This Label | 5.4 ± 1.7 | 6.0 ± 1.3 |
"If this government warning label were on a beverage, how much would it change your thoughts about the healthiness of that beverage for your child?" Responses will be measured with a 5-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 5=A lot. Higher numbers indicate the label would be more likely to change perceptions of beverage healthiness.
| units on a scale | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Likelihood of Label Changing Thoughts | 3.7 ± 1.4 | 4.2 ± 1.0 |
"If you saw this government warning label on a beverage, would the label encourage you to serve your child that beverage less often?" Responses will be measured with a 5-point Likert scale where 1=Definitely no and 5=Definitely yes. Higher numbers indicate greater likelihood of serving unhealthy beverages less often.
| units on a scale | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Encourage You to Give Fewer Beverages to Your Child | 3.9 ± 1.2 | 4.3 ± 1.1 |
Average negative emotional response to the label will be examined (said the warning label made them feel worried, fearful, guilty, or disgusted or grossed out). Responses will be measured with a 5-point Likert scale averaging across the 4 negative emotions where 1=Not at all and 5=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate more negative reactions.
| score on a scale | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Negative Reactions to the Label | 2.4 ± 0.9 | 3.4 ± 0.9 |
"How much do you think your child would enjoy this product?" Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater enjoyment of the product.
| units on a scale | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Child Enjoyment of Water | 5.1 ± 1.9 | 5.2 ± 2.0 |
"How much do you think your child would enjoy this product?" Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater enjoyment of the product.
| units on a scale | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Child Enjoyment of Orange Juice | 5.3 ± 1.8 | 5.1 ± 1.8 |
"How much do you think your child would enjoy this product?" Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater enjoyment of the product.
| units on a scale | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Child Enjoyment of Soda | 4.8 ± 2.5 | 4.4 ± 2.5 |
"How much do you think your child would enjoy this product?" Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater enjoyment of the product.
| units on a scale | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Child Enjoyment of Sports Drink | 4.6 ± 2.1 | 4.7 ± 2.3 |
"How likely are you to serve or buy this product for your child in the next 4 weeks?" Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater likelihood of serving or buying the product for their child.
| units on a scale | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Likely to Serve or Buy Water | 4.0 ± 2.4 | 4.0 ± 2.5 |
"How likely are you to serve or buy this product for your child in the next 4 weeks?" Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater likelihood of serving or buying the product for their child.
| units on a scale | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Likely to Serve or Buy Orange Juice | 4.1 ± 2.1 | 4.1 ± 2.1 |
"How likely are you to serve or buy this product for your child in the next 4 weeks?" Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater likelihood of serving or buying the product for their child.
| units on a scale | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Likely to Serve or Buy Soda | 2.1 ± 1.6 | 2.1 ± 1.7 |
"How likely are you to serve or buy this product for your child in the next 4 weeks?" Responses will be measured with a 7-point Likert scale where 1=Not at all and 7=Extremely. Higher numbers indicate greater likelihood of serving or buying the product for their child.
| units on a scale | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Likely to Serve or Buy Sports Drinks | 2.6 ± 1.9 | 2.8 ± 1.8 |
Summed responses to the following 7 health perception questions, 6 of which are prompted with the statement "Drinking this product often would…". The statements end with the following health belief and risk perception language: "lead my child to gain weight," "increase my child's risk of heart disease," "increase my child's risk of diabetes," "make my child feel energized," "help my child focus at school", and "help my child live a healthy life." The other item is: "How healthy do you think this product is for your child?" Responses to questions about weight gain, heart disease, and diabetes will be reverse coded, so higher scores on the summed index will indicate a stronger positive health perception of the beverages. This index ranges 7 to 49.
| score on a scale | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Health Beliefs and Risk Perceptions Index for Water | 41.8 ± 5.7 | 40.3 ± 6.7 |
Summed responses to the following 7 health perception questions, 6 of which are prompted with the statement "Drinking this product often would…". The statements end with the following health belief and risk perception language: "lead my child to gain weight," "increase my child's risk of heart disease," "increase my child's risk of diabetes," "make my child feel energized," "help my child focus at school", and "help my child live a healthy life." The other item is: "How healthy do you think this product is for your child?" Responses to questions about weight gain, heart disease, and diabetes will be reverse coded, so higher scores on the summed index will indicate a stronger positive health perception of the beverages. This index ranges 7 to 49.
| score on a scale | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Health Beliefs and Risk Perceptions Index for Orange Juice | 28.7 ± 7.9 | 29.3 ± 7.4 |
Summed responses to the following 7 health perception questions, 6 of which are prompted with the statement "Drinking this product often would…". The statements end with the following health belief and risk perception language: "lead my child to gain weight," "increase my child's risk of heart disease," "increase my child's risk of diabetes," "make my child feel energized," "help my child focus at school", and "help my child live a healthy life." The other item is: "How healthy do you think this product is for your child?" Responses to questions about weight gain, heart disease, and diabetes will be reverse coded, so higher scores on the summed index will indicate a stronger positive health perception of the beverages. This index ranges 7 to 49.
| score on a scale | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Health Beliefs and Risk Perceptions Index for Soda | 13.4 ± 5.4 | 14.6 ± 5.9 |
Summed responses to the following 7 health perception questions, 6 of which are prompted with the statement "Drinking this product often would…". The statements end with the following health belief and risk perception language: "lead my child to gain weight," "increase my child's risk of heart disease," "increase my child's risk of diabetes," "make my child feel energized," "help my child focus at school", and "help my child live a healthy life." The other item is: "How healthy do you think this product is for your child?" Responses to questions about weight gain, heart disease, and diabetes will be reverse coded, so higher scores on the summed index will indicate a stronger positive health perception of the beverages. This index ranges 7 to 49.
| score on a scale | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Health Beliefs and Risk Perceptions Index for Sports Drinks | 23.3 ± 6.8 | 23.1 ± 7.1 |
This variable will be measured continuously based on a text box provided to participants. Median teaspoons in each condition will be assessed
| teaspoons | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of How Many Teaspoons of Added Sugar Are in Water | 0 (0 to 10) | 0 (0 to 32) |
This variable will be measured continuously based on a text box provided to participants. Median teaspoons in each condition will be assessed
| teaspoons | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of How Many Teaspoons of Added Sugar Are in Orange Juice | 4 (0 to 120) | 4 (0 to 60) |
This variable will be measured continuously based on a text box provided to participants. Median teaspoons in each condition will be assessed
| teaspoons | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of How Many Teaspoons of Added Sugar Are in Soda | 10 (2 to 200) | 16 (0 to 120) |
This variable will be measured continuously based on a text box provided to participants. Median teaspoons in each condition will be assessed
| teaspoons | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate of How Many Teaspoons of Added Sugar Are in Sports Drinks | 6 (0 to 60) | 8 (0 to 30) |
This variable will be measured with a 3-point ordinal Likert scale with values: 1 = "too little for my child", 2 = "just right for my child" and 3 = "too much for my child". Higher scores indicate beverage is perceived as having too much added sugar.
| units on a scale | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Perceived Amount of Added Sugar in Water | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 0.4 |
This variable will be measured with a 3-point ordinal Likert scale with values: 1 = "too little for my child", 2 = "just right for my child" and 3 = "too much for my child". Higher scores indicate beverage is perceived as having too much added sugar.
| units on a scale | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Perceived Amount of Added Sugar in Orange Juice | 2.5 ± 0.5 | 2.4 ± 0.5 |
This variable will be measured with a 3-point ordinal Likert scale with values: 1 = "too little for my child", 2 = "just right for my child" and 3 = "too much for my child". Higher scores indicate beverage is perceived as having too much added sugar.
| units on a scale | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Perceived Amount of Added Sugar in Soda | 3.0 ± 0.3 | 3.0 ± 0.2 |
This variable will be measured with a 3-point ordinal Likert scale with values: 1 = "too little for my child", 2 = "just right for my child" and 3 = "too much for my child". Higher scores indicate beverage is perceived as having too much added sugar.
| units on a scale | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label |
|---|---|---|
| Perceived Amount of Added Sugar in Sports Drinks | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.5 |
Collected over 5 weeks. Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.
| Group | Deaths | Serious | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| Calorie Label | 0/108 (0%) | 0/108 (0%) | 0/108 (0%) |
| Sugar Graphic Warning Label | 0/108 (0%) | 0/108 (0%) | 0/108 (0%) |
| Age, Continuous(years) | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 40 ± 7 | 40 ± 7 | 40 ± 7 |
| Sex/Gender, Customized(Participants) | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender — Male | 8 | 7 | 15 |
| Gender — Female | 97 | 101 | 198 |
| Gender — Non-binary / Gender non-conforming | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)(Participants) | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hispanic or Latino | 7 | 3 | 10 |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 101 | 105 | 206 |
| Unknown or Not Reported | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Race (NIH/OMB)(Participants) | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Asian | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Black or African American | 38 | 48 | 86 |
| White | 57 | 53 | 110 |
| More than one race | 8 | 5 | 13 |
| Unknown or Not Reported | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Education level(Participants) | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Less than high school | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| High school graduate or received GED | 9 | 12 | 21 |
| Associates degree | 9 | 15 | 24 |
| Some college | 18 | 13 | 31 |
| College/University degree | 32 | 32 | 64 |
| Graduate or professional education | 39 | 34 | 73 |
| Number of children in household(Participants) | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 child | 29 | 15 | 44 |
| 2 children | 48 | 50 | 98 |
| 3 children | 17 | 26 | 43 |
| 4 or more children | 14 | 17 | 31 |
| Number of adults in household(Participants) | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 adult | 32 | 32 | 64 |
| 2 adults | 61 | 62 | 123 |
| 3 or more adults | 15 | 14 | 29 |
| Marital status(Participants) | Calorie Label | Sugar Graphic Warning Label | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Married or living with partner | 73 | 64 | 137 |
| Single (never married, divorced, widowed, separated) | 35 | 44 | 79 |
Documents are hosted by the registry — open the source record to download them.
Plan to share: Yes — In the consenting process, participants agreed that de-identified data produced from this project may be distributed for future research studies without additional informed consent. Any de-identified data shared will be done so via PennBox, a secure method to transfer files.
Supporting information: Statistical analysis plan
Time frame: starting 6 months after publication
Access criteria: The PI will review requests to use de-identified study data.
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