CClinicalTrials.gg
RecruitingNCT04821544Updated Sep 11, 2026

Maternal Stress on Human Milk and Infant Outcomes

An interventional study of Mindfulness-based intervention (with a focus on self-compassion; MBSC) and Vitamin D in Postpartum Depression and Preterm Labor, sponsored by University of Idaho. Recruiting at 1 site in United States. Open to female participants aged 18 Years to 50 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-09-11.

Sponsored by University of Idaho · Not applicable, Interventional, and Prevention

Phase
Not applicable
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
500
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
18 Years to 50 Years
Sex
Female
01

Study summary

The overarching purpose of this study is to determine if a modified 8-week mindfulness-based intervention (with a focus on self-compassion; MBSC) or 8 weeks of 2000 IU vitamin D supplementation will reduce stress and increase self-compassion in mothers of preterm infants and beneficially modify the human milk produced, and subsequently improve infant health.

Read the detailed description

During every two-week period, newly admitted infants (both preterm \<37 weeks gestational age and term ≥37 weeks gestational age) at performance site Kootenai Health NICU and term infants from the Palouse region will be block randomized to control (standard of care), mindfulness intervention (modified 8-week mindfulness

-based intervention (with a focus on self-compassion; MBSC), or vitamin D supplementation (8-week 2,000 IU vitamin D3 supplementation) groups. The purpose of the nested cohorts is to minimize the postpartum time difference among cohort mothers. Each nested MBSC cohort will undergo the 8-week MBSC intervention with a focus on increasing self-compassion. The MBSC program includes previously developed daily mindfulness practices, guided meditations, routine mindfulness prompts, and four video conference group sessions with a certified mindfulness facilitator.

Maternal data: The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF) will be given to mothers from both groups pre- and post-intervention, and during the 4th week. Saliva, urine, stool, and human milk samples will be collected at the same time points as above. Additional maternal data include: age, race, height, weight (pre-pregnancy and last weight before delivery), parity, delivery mode, chorioamnionitis, preeclampsia, HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet) syndrome, antenatal antibiotics, anti-depressants or other mood-altering/neurochemical medications (current and during pregnancy), diagnosis of depression or other mental illness within the previous 5 years, history of postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and any inflammatory or autoimmune diseases.

Infant data: Gestational age, birth weight, ventilation requirement, surgical interventions, patent ductus arteriosus, growth, nutrition prescriptions, saliva, urine and stool samples.

Data collection: All data (not including biosamples) will be collected using REDCap hosted within the UI system.

Sample measurements: Maternal salivary cortisol (marker of stress) and oxytocin (marker of anxiety and "social-closeness") concentrations will be measured using ELISA. Human milk proteins will be identified using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Following proteomic analyses, targeted proteins will be quantified using ELISA and Western Blot. Both maternal and infant saliva, urine and stool samples will be used for metabolomic and transcriptomic sequencing to identify metabolic and molecular changes, respectively, in both mothers and infants. Infant systemic oxidative stress will be measured through urine F2-isoprostanes concentrations (ELISA), and infant intestinal inflammation will be determined with stool calprotectin concentrations (ELISA).

02

Conditions studied

  • Postpartum Depression
  • Preterm Labor

Keywords

  • Maternal stress
  • Mindfulness
  • Human milk bioactives
  • Infant metabolome
  • Maternal transcriptome
  • Infant transcriptome
03

Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years to 50 Years
Sexes eligible
Female
Accepts healthy volunteers
No

Inclusion criteria

  • Mothers of newborn infants at Kootenai Health NICU and the Palouse region

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

-

04

Study design

Phase
Not applicable
Primary purpose
Prevention
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Parallel assignment
Masking
Quadruple (Participant, Care provider, Investigator, Outcomes assessor)
Enrollment
500 participants (estimated)

Study arms

  • No intervention
    Control

    Control group will receive link to a free 8-week Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction intervention AFTER the 8-weel trial period. This group will also receive placebo gummies that appear the same as the vitamin D gummies.

  • Experimental
    Mindfulness-based intervention (with a focus on self-compassion; MBSC)

    8-week MBSC intervention with a focus on increasing self-compassion. The MBSC program includes previously developed daily mindfulness practices, guided meditations, routine mindfulness prompts, and four video conference group sessions with a certified mindfulness facilitator.

    Behavioral: Mindfulness-based intervention (with a focus on self-compassion; MBSC)

  • Experimental
    Vitamin D

    Vitamin D gummies of 2,000 IU/day for 8 weeks.

    Dietary Supplement: Vitamin D

Interventions

  • BehavioralMindfulness-based intervention (with a focus on self-compassion; MBSC)

    8-week MBSC intervention with a focus on increasing self-compassion

  • Dietary supplementVitamin D

    Vitamin D at 2,000 IU/day for 8 weeks.

05

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Maternal Stress - Biomarker Change

    Salivary cortisol - Change from Baseline cortisol to 4 and 8 weeks

    Time frame: Baseline to 4 and 8 weeks

  2. Maternal Stress - Psychometric Measure Change

    Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) - Change from Baseline PSS to 4 and 8 weeks The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is validated and the most widely used instrument to measure perception of stress. The PSS includes 14 questions inquiring about feelings and thoughts during the past month expressed through frequency. The PSS will be used pre-intervention, post-intervention (8 weeks), and at the mid-point of the intervention (4 weeks). The scale for each question ranges from 0-4. The PSS measures how often the responder found life to be unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded. Higher score indicates higher perceived stress. The total score ranges between 0-56.

    Time frame: Baseline to 4 and 8 weeks

  3. Maternal Self-compassion - Biomarker Change

    Salivary oxytocin - Change from Baseline oxytocin to 4 and 8 weeks

    Time frame: Baseline to 4 and 8 weeks

  4. Maternal Self-compassion - Psychometric Measure Change

    Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF) - Change from Baseline SCS-SF to 4 and 8 weeks The Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF)19 is a shortened and highly correlated (r ≥ 0.97) scale (12 items) from the original 26-item SCS. The SCS-SF measures six key components of self-compassion using a scale that ranges from 1-5: self-kindness, self-judgement, common humanity, isolation, mindfulness, and over-identification. Self-compassion is associated with psychological well-being and is therefore often measured alongside stress and anxiety. High score indicates higher self-compassion. The total score ranges between 0-60.

    Time frame: Baseline to 4 and 8 weeks

Secondary outcomes

  1. Human Milk Proteins & Peptides Change

    Protein and peptide profiles will be measured using proteomic \& peptidomic analyses to assess human milk protein and peptide changes from baseline to 4 and 8 weeks as a function of maternal changes in stress/self-compassion. These are measured outcomes.

    Time frame: Baseline to 4 and 8 weeks

  2. Maternal Metabolomic & Transcriptomic Changes

    Maternal metabolomic pathways \& gene activation changes from baseline to 4 and 8 weeks in response to changes in stress/self-compassion. These are measured outcomes.

    Time frame: Baseline to 4 and 8 weeks

  3. Infant Metabolomic & Transcriptomic Changes

    Infant metabolomic pathways \& gene activation changes from baseline to 4 and 8 weeks in response to maternal changes in stress/self-compassion, and human milk protein/peptide profile changes. These are measured outcomes.

    Time frame: Baseline to 4 and 8 weeks

  4. Maternal Vitamin D Changes

    Maternal vitamin D status changes in both serum and human milk from baseline to 4 and 8 weeks.

    Time frame: Baseline to 4 and 8 weeks

06

Study locations

1 of 1 sites recruiting
  • Kootenai Health
    Coeur d'Alene, Idaho 83814, United States
    • Brook Lang, MD · Contact
    Recruiting
07

References and documents

Study documents

  • Informed consent form · Apr 1, 2022

Documents are hosted by the registry — open the source record to download them.

Individual participant data

Plan to share: No — IPD will be available upon request.

08

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT04821544
Lead sponsor
University of Idaho
Collaborators
Oregon State University, National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), Kootenai Health
Responsible party
Yimin Chen (Assistant Professor, University of Idaho) — Principal investigator
First posted
Mar 29, 2021
Start date
May 1, 2021
Primary completion
Jun 30, 2027 (estimated)
Completion
Jun 30, 2027 (estimated)
Last update
Sep 11, 2026

Study contacts

Yimin Chen, PhD
Contact
yiminc@uidaho.edu
2088857264
Yimin Chen, PhD
principal investigator · University of Idaho

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

Interested in this study?

Eligibility is decided by the study team. Share this record with your doctor or contact the team directly.

Contact study team

Follow this study

Get an email when the registry record changes — status, dates, results — or when someone posts here.

Sign in to follow

Discussion

Questions and observations about this study, from anyone following it. Not medical advice, and not a channel to the study team — their contact details are on the registry record.

Sign in to join the discussion. Reading takes no account; posting does. You choose a display name, and a pseudonym is the default.

Nothing here yet. If you are running this trial, taking part in it, or weighing whether to, this is the place to say so.

Start the discussion