CClinicalTrials.gg
CompletedNCT04392440DIAL-SDMUpdated Sep 22, 2026Results posted

Shared Decision Making in Dialysis

An interventional study of DIAL-SDM and usual care in End Stage Renal Disease and Chronic Kidney Diseases, sponsored by University of Rochester. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 65 Years and older. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-09-22.

Sponsored by University of Rochester · Not applicable, Interventional, and Supportive care

Phase
Not applicable
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
102
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
65 Years and older
Sex
All
01

Study summary

Older patients ≥65 years with chronic kidney disease (CKD) face challenges in decision making about dialysis. These patients report little effort by physicians to elicit treatment preferences, discuss prognoses, or explain the burdens/benefits of dialysis options including conservative management. Older patients with CKD often prefer maintaining the quality of life over prolonging life, and many regret their decision to start dialysis: nearly one quarter withdraw from dialysis each year. Shared dialysis decision-making requires active engagement between nephrologists and patients to align patient, caregiver, and physician communication around common goals. The proposed study is a pilot randomized cluster trial of a dialysis shared decision-making (DIAL-SDM) intervention for nephrologists (n=20) and their patients ≥65 years old (n=60) with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of ≤ 25 ml/min/ /1.73 m2. Nephrologists in the Intervention Group will receive 3 communication training sessions, delivered by a standardized patient instructor (SPI) who enact clinical scenarios and offer feedback. In parallel, patients (and caregivers, if available) will receive 2 coaching sessions provided by health coaches, who will explore each patient's relevant contextual information (values, preferences, and goals), and help them identify and practice important questions for their nephrologist. Nephrologists in the Control Group will provide their patients with usual care. The study outcomes will be assessed during two nephrology office visits and at 6 months.

02

Conditions studied

  • End Stage Renal Disease
  • Chronic Kidney Diseases
03

In context

Kidney Failure, Chronic

2,085 studies on the registry are indexed under Kidney Failure, Chronic; 260 are open to participants now.

This study's enrollment of 102 is above the median of 55 across 1,557 interventional studies indexed under Kidney Failure, Chronic.

Browse Kidney Failure, Chronic studies →

Lead sponsor

University of Rochester is the lead sponsor of 715 studies on the registry; 116 are open to participants now.

Of its 56 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 44 (79%) have results posted.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
65 Years and older
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
No

Inclusion criteria

For nephrologist:

  • Member of Strong nephrology group working at Strong Memorial Hospital
  • Treat patients with CKD

For patients:

  • Age ≥65 years old
  • Presence of advanced CKD stage 4 or 5 (i.e. e GFR ≤ 25 ml/min)
  • Patient's nephrologist is enrolled in the study, and has seen that nephrologist at least once
  • Speaks English
  • Have not attended a dialysis education class or met with the dialysis education coordinator.
  • Have not made a dialysis decision

For Caregivers:

  • Self-identified caregiver (per definition:"family member, partner, friend or someone else who is involved with your health care issues, for example, someone who you talk to about personal issues including medical decisions or who comes to doctor appointments with you. This person may also help with routine day-to-day activities, like transportation or paperwork.")
  • 21 years of age or older.

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

For Nephrologists:

- Expecting to leave in six months.

For Patients:

  • Patient has already been seen by a palliative care clinician or is enrolled in hospice
  • Is already on dialysis
  • Hospitalized at the time of recruitment
  • Cognitive impairment
  • Does not speak English

For Caregivers:

  • If Support is offered primarily in a professional role (e.g., clergy).
  • Cognitive impairment
05

Study design

Phase
Not applicable
Primary purpose
Supportive care
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Parallel assignment
Masking
Single (Investigator)
Enrollment
102 participants (actual)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    intervention

    Behavioral: DIAL-SDM

  • Other
    control

    Usual care

    Other: usual care

Interventions

  • BehavioralDIAL-SDM

    Communication intervention for nephrologists and coaching intervention for patients.

  • Otherusual care

    regular nephrology care

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Mean Feasibility of Intervention Measure

    Feasibility was assessed using a structured questionnaire that asked participants whether the coaching, question prompt list, booklet, and videos seemed possible, doable, easy to use, and able to be carried out in practice. Each item was rated on a scale from 1 ("completely disagree") to 5 ("completely agree"). Item scores were summed for each participant to create a total feasibility score, ranging from a minimum of 4 to a maximum of 20, with higher scores indicating greater feasibility. Assessments occurred at 12 and 14 weeks post-baseline; all data collected within this window were averaged to yield a single value per participant, and group means were reported.

    Time frame: Approximately 12-14 weeks

  2. Mean Acceptability of Intervention Measure

    Acceptability was assessed using the Acceptability of Intervention Measure. Patients and caregivers rated comfort with coaching, helpfulness for dialysis decision making, and likelihood to recommend it, as well as the question prompt list, booklet, and videos. Items were scored 0 to 4 and summed to total scores ranging from 6 to 15, with higher scores indicating greater acceptability and a more favorable outcome. Nephrologists rated approval, appeal, and acceptance of the coaching intervention on a 1 to 5 scale, summed to total scores ranging from 4 to 20, with higher scores indicating greater acceptability and a more favorable outcome. Assessments were collected 12 to 14 weeks post baseline and averaged per participant.

    Time frame: Approximately 12-14 weeks

  3. Mean Total Fidelity of Intervention Measure

    Fidelity of coaching sessions was assessed using standardized Patient Coach Fidelity Check Forms for each session type: First Visit (maximum score = 51), Second Visit (maximum score = 42), and Follow-Up Phone Call (maximum score = 33). Each item was rated from 0 ("not at all") to 3 ("completely"). For each participant, scores from the First Visit, Second Visit, and Follow-up Call were converted to percentages (0-100%), then averaged to create a single fidelity score per participant, reflecting coaching quality across all sessions. Higher scores indicate greater fidelity. Assessments occurred between 12 and 14 weeks post-baseline; all data collected within this window were averaged to yield a single value per participant, and group means were reported.

    Time frame: Assessed across all coaching sessions (First Visit, Second Visit, and Follow-Up Call) over approximately 12-14 weeks post-baseline

07

Results

Posted Mar 20, 2026
Limitations and caveats
This was a small, pilot, cluster-randomized trial with a limited sample size (N=60 patients).

Participant flow

Participant flow — Overall Study
MilestoneInterventionControl
Started5052
Nephrologists enrolled98
Caregivers enrolled1114
Completed4239
Not completed813
Withdrew: Withdrawal by subject53
Withdrew: Death24
Withdrew: Lost to follow-up15
Withdrew: Physician decision01

Outcome measures

PrimaryMean Feasibility of Intervention Measure

Feasibility was assessed using a structured questionnaire that asked participants whether the coaching, question prompt list, booklet, and videos seemed possible, doable, easy to use, and able to be carried out in practice. Each item was rated on a scale from 1 ("completely disagree") to 5 ("completely agree"). Item scores were summed for each participant to create a total feasibility score, ranging from a minimum of 4 to a maximum of 20, with higher scores indicating greater feasibility. Assessments occurred at 12 and 14 weeks post-baseline; all data collected within this window were averaged to yield a single value per participant, and group means were reported.

Time frame:
Approximately 12-14 weeks
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Mean Feasibility of Intervention Measure
score on a scaleIntervention PatientsControl PatientsIntervention CaregiversControl CaregiversIntervention NephrologistsControl Nephrologists
Mean Feasibility of Intervention Measure16.4 ± 3.4—16.1 ± 2.4—19.0 ± 1.9—
PrimaryMean Acceptability of Intervention Measure

Acceptability was assessed using the Acceptability of Intervention Measure. Patients and caregivers rated comfort with coaching, helpfulness for dialysis decision making, and likelihood to recommend it, as well as the question prompt list, booklet, and videos. Items were scored 0 to 4 and summed to total scores ranging from 6 to 15, with higher scores indicating greater acceptability and a more favorable outcome. Nephrologists rated approval, appeal, and acceptance of the coaching intervention on a 1 to 5 scale, summed to total scores ranging from 4 to 20, with higher scores indicating greater acceptability and a more favorable outcome. Assessments were collected 12 to 14 weeks post baseline and averaged per participant.

Time frame:
Approximately 12-14 weeks
Reported as:
Mean · score on a scale
Mean Acceptability of Intervention Measure
score on a scaleIntervention PatientsControl PatientsIntervention CaregiversControl CaregiversIntervention NephrologistsControl Nephrologists
Mean Acceptability of Intervention Measure12.7 ± 2.4—12.7 ± 2.1—18.3 ± 2.2—
PrimaryMean Total Fidelity of Intervention Measure

Fidelity of coaching sessions was assessed using standardized Patient Coach Fidelity Check Forms for each session type: First Visit (maximum score = 51), Second Visit (maximum score = 42), and Follow-Up Phone Call (maximum score = 33). Each item was rated from 0 ("not at all") to 3 ("completely"). For each participant, scores from the First Visit, Second Visit, and Follow-up Call were converted to percentages (0-100%), then averaged to create a single fidelity score per participant, reflecting coaching quality across all sessions. Higher scores indicate greater fidelity. Assessments occurred between 12 and 14 weeks post-baseline; all data collected within this window were averaged to yield a single value per participant, and group means were reported.

Time frame:
Assessed across all coaching sessions (First Visit, Second Visit, and Follow-Up Call) over approximately 12-14 weeks post-baseline
Reported as:
Mean · percentage of score on a scale
Mean Total Fidelity of Intervention Measure
percentage of score on a scaleIntervention PatientsControl PatientsIntervention CaregiversControl CaregiversIntervention NephrologistsControl Nephrologists
Mean Total Fidelity of Intervention Measure88.1 ± 9.1—————

Adverse events

Collected over 6 months. Non-serious events are listed at a 0% frequency threshold.

Adverse event summary by group
GroupDeathsSeriousOther
Intervention Patients1/30 (3.3%)0/30 (0%)0/30 (0%)
Control Patients2/30 (6.7%)0/30 (0%)0/30 (0%)
Intervention Caregivers1/11 (9.1%)0/11 (0%)0/11 (0%)
Control Caregivers2/14 (14.3%)0/14 (0%)0/14 (0%)
Intervention Nephrologists0/9 (0%)0/9 (0%)0/9 (0%)
Control Nephrologists0/8 (0%)0/8 (0%)0/8 (0%)

Baseline characteristics

Baseline measures include data from all participants who provided information at enrollment (patients, nephrologists, and caregivers). Separate rows show data for each group.

Age, Categorical
Age, Categorical(Participants)InterventionControlTotal
Patients — <=18 years000
Patients — Between 18 and 65 years000
Patients — >=65 years303060
Caregivers — <=18 years000
Caregivers — Between 18 and 65 years549
Caregivers — >=65 years61016
Nephrologists — <=18 years000
Nephrologists — Between 18 and 65 years9817
Nephrologists — >=65 years000
Sex: Female, Male
Sex: Female, Male(Participants)InterventionControlTotal
Patients — Female171633
Patients — Male131427
Caregivers — Female101121
Caregivers — Male134
Nephrologists — Female369
Nephrologists — Male628
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)(Participants)InterventionControlTotal
Patients — Hispanic or Latino000
Patients — Not Hispanic or Latino303060
Patients — Unknown or Not Reported000
Caregivers — Hispanic or Latino000
Caregivers — Not Hispanic or Latino111425
Caregivers — Unknown or Not Reported000
Nephrologists — Hispanic or Latino101
Nephrologists — Not Hispanic or Latino8816
Nephrologists — Unknown or Not Reported000
Race (NIH/OMB)
Race (NIH/OMB)(Participants)InterventionControlTotal
Patients — American Indian or Alaska Native000
Patients — Asian112
Patients — Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander000
Patients — Black or African American9514
Patients — White172340
Patients — More than one race314
Patients — Unknown or Not Reported000
Caregivers — American Indian or Alaska Native000
Caregivers — Asian000
Caregivers — Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander000
Caregivers — Black or African American325
Caregivers — White81220
Caregivers — More than one race000
Caregivers — Unknown or Not Reported000
Nephrologists — American Indian or Alaska Native000
Nephrologists — Asian6410
Nephrologists — Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander000
Nephrologists — Black or African American000
Nephrologists — White347
Nephrologists — More than one race000
Nephrologists — Unknown or Not Reported000
Region of Enrollment
Region of Enrollment(participants)InterventionControlTotal
United States5052102
08

Study locations

1 site
  • University of Rochester
    Rochester, New York 14642, United States
09

References and documents

Study documents

  • Protocol and statistical analysis plan · Aug 28, 2025
  • Informed consent form · Nov 9, 2023

Documents are hosted by the registry — open the source record to download them.

Individual participant data

Plan to share: Yes

10

Updates

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Sep 22, 2026, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
11

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT04392440
Lead sponsor
University of Rochester
Collaborators
National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Responsible party
Fahad Saeed (Assistant Professor, University of Rochester) — Principal investigator
First posted
May 18, 2020
Start date
Feb 28, 2022
Primary completion
May 14, 2024
Completion
May 14, 2024
Results posted
Mar 20, 2026
Last update
Sep 22, 2026

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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This study is completed, as verified in Aug 2026. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.

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