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CompletedNCT04130724Updated Dec 17, 2019

Characterization of a Portable Solid-State Breath Acetone Testing Device for Real-Time Ketosis Status

An observational study in Ketogenic Dieting and Ketosis, sponsored by Readout, Inc.. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years and older, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2019-12-17.

Sponsored by Readout, Inc. · Observational

Study type
Observational
Model
Cohort
Time perspective
Prospective
Enrollment
21
Ages
18 Years and older
Sex
All
01

Study summary

The primary purpose of this study is to characterize the performance and utility of a novel breath acetone meter developed by Readout, Inc.

02

Conditions studied

  • Ketogenic Dieting
  • Ketosis

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03

In context

Ketosis

181 studies on the registry are indexed under Ketosis; 37 are open to participants now.

This study's enrollment of 21 is below the median of 100 across 31 observational studies indexed under Ketosis.

Browse Ketosis studies →

Lead sponsor

This is the only study on the registry with Readout, Inc. as lead sponsor.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

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Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years and older
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
Yes
Sampling method
Non-probability sample

Study population

Individuals who are interested in the ketogenic diet or in tracking their ketones.

Inclusion criteria

  • Ketogenic diet cohort: currently following a ketogenic or low-carbohydrate diet defined as less than 30 grams per day (ketogenic) or less than 100 grams per day (low-carbohydrate) as estimated by the individual. Subjects must have been following the diet before the beginning of the study period and must continue with the diet throughout the duration of the trial.
  • High-carbohydrate diet cohort: currently following a diet that does not restrict dietary carbohydrate. Carbohydrate consumption should be greater than 100 grams per day as estimated by the individual. Subjects must have been following the diet before the study period and must continue with the diet throughout the duration of the trial.

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Type-1 diabetes
  • Insulin-dependent type-2 diabetes
  • History of diabetic ketoacidosis
  • Currently taking Warfarin or other blood thinners
  • Currently taking a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor
  • Currently taking Disulfiram
  • Unwilling to maintain their diet during the study period
  • Unwilling to test blood and breath ketones five times per day
  • Non-English speaking
  • Persons who are unable or unwilling to follow the study protocol or who, for any reason, the research team considers not an appropriate candidate for this study, including non-compliance with screening appointments or study visits.
05

Study design

Observational model
Cohort
Time perspective
Prospective
Enrollment
21 participants (actual)
Patient registry
No

Groups and cohorts

  • Ketogenic diet

    Subjects consuming either a ketogenic (\<30g carbohydrate per day) or a low-carb (\<100g carbohydrate per day) diet.

    Diagnostic Test: Blood ketone testing · Diagnostic Test: Breath ketone testing

  • High-carbohydrate diet

    Subjects consuming a high carbohydrate (\>100g carbohydrate per day) diet.

    Diagnostic Test: Blood ketone testing · Diagnostic Test: Breath ketone testing

Interventions

  • Diagnostic testBlood ketone testing

    Ketone testing will be done using a blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) test at least five (5) times per day.

    Also known as: Blood ketone testing using the Abbott Precision Xtra meter.

  • Diagnostic testBreath ketone testing

    Ketone testing will be done using a breath acetone (BrAce) test at least five (5) times per day.

    Also known as: Breath ketone testing using the Readout breath acetone device.

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Correlation between breath acetone (BrAce) and blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations

    Blood BHB and BrAce measurements will be taken simultaneously during at least five (5) measurement sessions each day. After aggregating data from all study participants, the correlation between these two measurements will be determined using regression analysis.

    Time frame: 2 weeks

Secondary outcomes

  1. Reliability of the Readout breath acetone device

    Multiple BrAce measurements will be taken during each measurement session using the Readout BrAce device and repeatability will be analyzed using alpha reliability coefficients.

    Time frame: 2 weeks

Other outcomes

  1. Utility of a single ketone measurement compared to multiple measurements throughout the day

    The utility of a single BrAce measurement compared to multiple measurements throughout the day will be assessed by comparing a single measurement for a given user with the time-weighted average of all measurements taken that same day. The probability that a single measurement differs from the time-weighted average of all measurements during the same day will be computed for various difference thresholds.

    Time frame: 2 weeks

  2. Time dynamics of breath acetone compared to blood beta-hydroxybutyrate

    The time dynamics of blood BHB versus BrAce will be explored by performing a correlation calculation between the two measurement methods for various time shifts.

    Time frame: 2 weeks

  3. Full-day ketone exposure as measured by breath acetone and blood beta-hydroxybutyrate

    The full-day ketone exposure as measured by BrAce will be compared with the full-day ketone exposure as measured by blood BHB (12 AM on day 1 to 12 AM on day 2) by first performing linear interpolation between data points on a given day and then calculating the daily area under the curve (AUC) for BrAce and blood BHB. The correlation between blood and breath AUC will be determined by performing regression analysis.

    Time frame: 2 weeks

07

Study locations

1 site
  • Center for Emerging Technologies
    Saint Louis, Missouri 63108, United States
08

References and documents

Publications

  • Hallberg SJ, McKenzie AL, Williams PT, Bhanpuri NH, Peters AL, Campbell WW, Hazbun TL, Volk BM, McCarter JP, Phinney SD, Volek JS. Effectiveness and Safety of a Novel Care Model for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes at 1 Year: An Open-Label, Non-Randomized, Controlled Study. Diabetes Ther. 2018 Apr;9(2):583-612. doi: 10.1007/s13300-018-0373-9. Epub 2018 Feb 7. Erratum In: Diabetes Ther. 2018 Apr;9(2):613-621. doi: 10.1007/s13300-018-0386-4. PubMed 29417495 ↗
  • Bhanpuri NH, Hallberg SJ, Williams PT, McKenzie AL, Ballard KD, Campbell WW, McCarter JP, Phinney SD, Volek JS. Cardiovascular disease risk factor responses to a type 2 diabetes care model including nutritional ketosis induced by sustained carbohydrate restriction at 1 year: an open label, non-randomized, controlled study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018 May 1;17(1):56. doi: 10.1186/s12933-018-0698-8. PubMed 29712560 ↗
  • Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, Garvey WT, Lau KHK, MacLeod J, Mitri J, Pereira RF, Rawlings K, Robinson S, Saslow L, Uelmen S, Urbanski PB, Yancy WS Jr. Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report. Diabetes Care. 2019 May;42(5):731-754. doi: 10.2337/dci19-0014. Epub 2019 Apr 18. No abstract available. PubMed 31000505 ↗
  • Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002 Feb 7;346(6):393-403. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa012512. PubMed 11832527 ↗
  • Van Gaal L, Scheen A. Weight management in type 2 diabetes: current and emerging approaches to treatment. Diabetes Care. 2015 Jun;38(6):1161-72. doi: 10.2337/dc14-1630. PubMed 25998297 ↗
  • Boden G, Sargrad K, Homko C, Mozzoli M, Stein TP. Effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on appetite, blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Mar 15;142(6):403-11. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-142-6-200503150-00006. PubMed 15767618 ↗
  • Shimazu T, Hirschey MD, Newman J, He W, Shirakawa K, Le Moan N, Grueter CA, Lim H, Saunders LR, Stevens RD, Newgard CB, Farese RV Jr, de Cabo R, Ulrich S, Akassoglou K, Verdin E. Suppression of oxidative stress by beta-hydroxybutyrate, an endogenous histone deacetylase inhibitor. Science. 2013 Jan 11;339(6116):211-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1227166. Epub 2012 Dec 6. PubMed 23223453 ↗
  • Anderson JC. Measuring breath acetone for monitoring fat loss: Review. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015 Dec;23(12):2327-34. doi: 10.1002/oby.21242. Epub 2015 Nov 2. PubMed 26524104 ↗
  • Musa-Veloso K, Likhodii SS, Cunnane SC. Breath acetone is a reliable indicator of ketosis in adults consuming ketogenic meals. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Jul;76(1):65-70. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/76.1.65. PubMed 12081817 ↗

Individual participant data

Plan to share: Undecided

09

Updates

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Dec 17, 2019, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
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Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT04130724
Lead sponsor
Readout, Inc.
Responsible party
Sponsor
First posted
Oct 17, 2019
Start date
Oct 16, 2019
Primary completion
Nov 30, 2019
Completion
Nov 30, 2019
Last update
Dec 17, 2019

Study contacts

James McCarter, MD, PhD
principal investigator · Readout, Inc.

Oversight

FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
Yes
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

Not currently enrolling

This study is completed, as verified in Dec 2019. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.

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