ClinicalTrials.gg
RecruitingNCT03903510Updated Feb 11, 2021

Virtual Reality During Pediatric Cast Removal

An interventional study of Virtual Reality (VR) in Fractures, Bone, sponsored by Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare. Recruiting at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 4 Years to 12 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2021-02-11.

Sponsored by Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare · Not applicable, Interventional, and Supportive care

From the registry’s dates

  • Primary completion was expected by Sep 2021, 5 years 2 months ago, but the record still lists the study as recruiting.
  • Started May 2019; still recruiting 7 years 5 months later.
Phase
Not applicable
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
184
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
4 Years to 12 Years
Sex
All
01

Where this study stands

Counted across the records on this site · 2026-11-12

Among 192 studies in Fractures, Bone with a site in United States — 37 open to participants now, 43 under way, 2 of them phase 3. Fractures, Bone · United States.

Planned enrollment
36th of 129
184 · median 87
Started
2019
with 12 others
No phase
64 of 192
13 open now
Primary completion
2021-09
later than 0 of 42 live
Registered
122nd of 192
by date

Among the 192 studies in Fractures, Bone with a site in United States, this one is the 36th largest by planned enrollment of the 129 interventional ones that give a count, is one of 13 that started in 2019, is one of 64 with no phase, reaches primary completion later than 0 of the 42 other live ones, and was the 122nd registered.

Fractures, Bone

724 studies on the registry are indexed under Fractures, Bone; 114 are open to participants now.

Browse Fractures, Bone studies →

Open to participants now

37 of the 192 studies in Fractures, Bone with a site in United States are open now. Recruiting first, the newest first:

32 more — sign in →

All 37 open studies →

A study can be open while its sites in United States have not opened yet or have stopped. Only those recruiting at a site in United States →

Who these studies take

Of the 70 Fractures, Bone studies recruiting now, 35 (50%) set no upper age limit and 21 (30%) stop at 75 or younger; 17 take children under 18; 14 take healthy volunteers.

This study: 4 Years to 12 Years · all sexes · no healthy volunteers.

The full table on the hub →

This tab as a report to print or save as PDF → With an account.

Was this useful?
Watch this landscapeDownload CSVNarrow it in search →With an account: a weekly mail of what changed among 192 studies in Fractures, Bone with a site in United States, or all of them as a file.
02

Study summary

This study is a randomized control trial of Virtual Reality during cast removal procedures at a pediatric tertiary care center.

Read the detailed description

Cast removal is a common outpatient procedure and is a source of pain and anxiety for children. Children are often frightened by the appearance and the noise of the saw. Additionally, the saw blade can become warm, and this can be uncomfortable. Multiple methods have been used and studied to try to make this experience easier for children. These methods include: soft music, therapeutic play, and headphones. Virtual reality (VR) devices are now increasingly affordable and portable. VR could be a way to distract children from the appearance and sound of the procedure. VR has been used in other clinical settings to help patients with the anxiety associated with medical procedures. The investigators propose a randomized trial to assess the responses (e.g. questionnaires and monitors) of children to cast removal with VR versus the standard noise reduction headphones.

03

Conditions studied

  • Fractures, Bone

Browse trials for

Keywords

  • Virtual Reality
  • Cast removal
  • Fracture
04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
4 Years to 12 Years
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
No

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

  • Sustained a fracture in their arm/leg
  • No previous experience with a cast removal
  • Must have at least one wrist free of immobilization (for heart rate monitor)
  • Parents and patient are English speaking

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Patients with a history of epilepsy, ventricular shunt, motion sickness
  • Patients with any history of cognitive, visual or hearing impairment
05

Study design

Phase
Not applicable
Primary purpose
Supportive care
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Parallel assignment
Masking
None (open label)
Enrollment
184 participants (estimated)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    Virtual Reality

    Participants will experience Virtual Reality during their cast removal

    Device: Virtual Reality (VR)

  • No intervention
    Standard of care

    Participants will receive their usual standard of care treatment during cast removal

Interventions

  • DeviceVirtual Reality (VR)

    Participants in the experimental group will receive an AppliedVR virtual reality headset during their cast removal.

    Also known as: AppliedVR

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Change from baseline heart rate during cast removal procedure

    The change from baseline heart rate during cast removal procedure obtained by using an electronic monitoring wristband and measuring heart rate 15 seconds prior to and continuously during the cast removal procedure.

    Time frame: Heart rate will be measured during the cast removal procedure. As this is a single visit study, heart rate will not be measured at any other time periods throughout the study.

Secondary outcomes

  1. Change in Parent Reported Wong-Baker FACES Pain Scale Rating

    Parent reported pain scale that is rated from 0 (minimum) to 10 (maximum), where a higher number indicates increased pain.

    Time frame: The Wong-Baker FACES Pain Scale assessment will be collected 1 minute prior to and immediately after cast removal.This is a single visit study and the assessment will not be measured at any other time periods.

  2. Change in Patient Reported Wong-Baker FACES Pain Scale Rating

    Patient reported pain scale that is rated on a scale of 0 (minimum) to 10 (maximum), where a higher number indicates increased pain.

    Time frame: The Wong-Baker FACES Pain Scale assessment will be collected 1 minute prior to and immediately after cast removal.This is a single visit study and the assessment will not be measured at any other time periods.

  3. Visual Analog Scale (VAS): Parental anxiety during cast removal

    Parental anxiety will be self reported using a 0 (minimum) to 100 (maximum) scale, where a higher number indicates increased anxiety.

    Time frame: The VAS anxiety assessment will be performed immediately after the cast removal procedure, which is expected to last 5-10 minutes.This is a single visit study and the assessment will not be measured at any other time periods.

  4. Visual Analog Scale (VAS): Patient anxiety during cast removal

    Patient anxiety regarding the cast removal will be self reported using a 0 (minimum) to 100 (maximum) scale, where a higher number indicates increased anxiety.

    Time frame: The VAS anxiety assessment will be performed immediately after the cast removal procedure, which is expected to last 5-10 minutes.This is a single visit study and the assessment will not be measured at any other time periods.

  5. Visual Analog Scale (VAS): Parental Satisfaction

    Parental satisfaction regarding the cast removal will be self reported using a 0 (minimum) to 100 (maximum) scale, where a higher number indicates increased satisfaction.

    Time frame: The VAS parental satisfaction assessment will be performed immediately after the cast removal procedure, which is expected to last 5-10 minutes.This is a single visit study and the assessment will not be measured at any other time periods.

  6. Visual Analog Scale (VAS): Parental Assessment of Pleasantness

    Parental report of how pleasant the cast removal was. Self reported using a 0 (minimum) to 100 (maximum) scale, where a higher number indicates increased pleasantness.

    Time frame: The VAS parental satisfaction assessment will be performed immediately after the cast removal procedure, which is expected to last 5-10 minutes.This is a single visit study and the assessment will not be measured at any other time periods.

  7. Visual Analog Scale (VAS): Parent Reported Worst Pain During Treatment

    Parental report of the highest level of pain experienced by the child during the cast removal. Reported using a 0 (minimum) to 100 (maximum) scale, where a higher number indicates increased pain.

    Time frame: The VAS parental worst pain assessment will be performed immediately after the cast removal procedure, which is expected to last 5-10 minutes.This is a single visit study and the assessment will not be measured at any other time periods.

  8. Visual Analog Scale (VAS): Patient Reported Worst Pain During Treatment

    Patient report of the highest level of pain experienced by the child during the cast removal. Reported using a 0 (minimum) to 100 (maximum) scale, where a higher number indicates increased pain.

    Time frame: The VAS patient worst pain assessment will be performed immediately after the cast removal procedure, which is expected to last 5-10 minutes.This is a single visit study and the assessment will not be measured at any other time periods.

07

Study locations

1 of 1 sites recruiting
08

References and documents

Publications

  • Naranje SM, Erali RA, Warner WC Jr, Sawyer JR, Kelly DM. Epidemiology of Pediatric Fractures Presenting to Emergency Departments in the United States. J Pediatr Orthop. 2016 Jun;36(4):e45-8. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0000000000000595. PubMed 26177059 ↗
  • Wiggins CE, Brown KD. Hearing protection and cast saw noise. J South Orthop Assoc. 1996 Spring;5(1):1-4. PubMed 8673584 ↗
  • Katz K, Fogelman R, Attias J, Baron E, Soudry M. Anxiety reaction in children during removal of their plaster cast with a saw. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001 Apr;83(3):388-90. doi: 10.1302/0301-620x.83b3.10487. PubMed 11341425 ↗
  • Post JM, Switzer KD, Brown DK, Meinzen-Derr J, Dively J, Dunkin BS, Mehlman CT. Cast saw noise does not reach occupational hazard levels. J Pediatr Orthop. 2013 Jul-Aug;33(5):580-4. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0b013e318288b5e4. PubMed 23752160 ↗
  • Liu RW, Mehta P, Fortuna S, Armstrong DG, Cooperman DR, Thompson GH, Gilmore A. A randomized prospective study of music therapy for reducing anxiety during cast room procedures. J Pediatr Orthop. 2007 Oct-Nov;27(7):831-3. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0b013e3181558a4e. PubMed 17878794 ↗
  • Wong CL, Ip WY, Kwok BMC, Choi KC, Ng BKW, Chan CWH. Effects of therapeutic play on children undergoing cast-removal procedures: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2018 Jul 5;8(7):e021071. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021071. PubMed 29980545 ↗
  • Carmichael KD, Westmoreland J. Effectiveness of ear protection in reducing anxiety during cast removal in children. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2005 Jan;34(1):43-6. PubMed 15707139 ↗
  • Mahan ST, Harris MS, Lierhaus AM, Miller PE, DiFazio RL. Noise Reduction to Reduce Patient Anxiety During Cast Removal: Can We Decrease Patient Anxiety With Cast Removal by Wearing Noise Reduction Headphones During Cast Saw Use? Orthop Nurs. 2017 Jul/Aug;36(4):271-278. doi: 10.1097/NOR.0000000000000365. PubMed 28737634 ↗
  • Hoffmann C. COX-2 in brain and spinal cord implications for therapeutic use. Curr Med Chem. 2000 Nov;7(11):1113-20. doi: 10.2174/0929867003374282. PubMed 11032961 ↗
  • Gold JI, Kim SH, Kant AJ, Joseph MH, Rizzo AS. Effectiveness of virtual reality for pediatric pain distraction during i.v. placement. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2006 Apr;9(2):207-12. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2006.9.207. PubMed 16640481 ↗
  • Asl Aminabadi N, Erfanparast L, Sohrabi A, Ghertasi Oskouei S, Naghili A. The Impact of Virtual Reality Distraction on Pain and Anxiety during Dental Treatment in 4-6 Year-Old Children: a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2012 Fall;6(4):117-24. doi: 10.5681/joddd.2012.025. Epub 2012 Nov 12. PubMed 23277857 ↗
  • Nilsson S, Finnstrom B, Kokinsky E. The FLACC behavioral scale for procedural pain assessment in children aged 5-16 years. Paediatr Anaesth. 2008 Aug;18(8):767-74. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2008.02655.x. PubMed 18613934 ↗
  • Steele E, Grimmer K, Thomas B, Mulley B, Fulton I, Hoffman H. Virtual reality as a pediatric pain modulation technique: a case study. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2003 Dec;6(6):633-8. doi: 10.1089/109493103322725405. PubMed 14756928 ↗
  • Hoffman HG, Doctor JN, Patterson DR, Carrougher GJ, Furness TA 3rd. Virtual reality as an adjunctive pain control during burn wound care in adolescent patients. Pain. 2000 Mar;85(1-2):305-9. doi: 10.1016/s0304-3959(99)00275-4. PubMed 10692634 ↗
  • Hoffman HG, Patterson DR, Carrougher GJ. Use of virtual reality for adjunctive treatment of adult burn pain during physical therapy: a controlled study. Clin J Pain. 2000 Sep;16(3):244-50. doi: 10.1097/00002508-200009000-00010. PubMed 11014398 ↗
  • Sharar SR, Miller W, Teeley A, Soltani M, Hoffman HG, Jensen MP, Patterson DR. Applications of virtual reality for pain management in burn-injured patients. Expert Rev Neurother. 2008 Nov;8(11):1667-74. doi: 10.1586/14737175.8.11.1667. PubMed 18986237 ↗
  • Hoffman HG, Seibel EJ, Richards TL, Furness TA, Patterson DR, Sharar SR. Virtual reality helmet display quality influences the magnitude of virtual reality analgesia. J Pain. 2006 Nov;7(11):843-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2006.04.006. PubMed 17074626 ↗
  • Schmitt YS, Hoffman HG, Blough DK, Patterson DR, Jensen MP, Soltani M, Carrougher GJ, Nakamura D, Sharar SR. A randomized, controlled trial of immersive virtual reality analgesia, during physical therapy for pediatric burns. Burns. 2011 Feb;37(1):61-8. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2010.07.007. Epub 2010 Aug 7. PubMed 20692769 ↗
  • Hoffman HG, Sharar SR, Coda B, Everett JJ, Ciol M, Richards T, Patterson DR. Manipulating presence influences the magnitude of virtual reality analgesia. Pain. 2004 Sep;111(1-2):162-8. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2004.06.013. PubMed 15327820 ↗

Individual participant data

Plan to share: No

09

Timeline

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
ElapsedEstimatedEstimated, not yet reachedSimilar studies: half by the dot; the band is the middle halfHalf of similar studies reached it by the dot; the band is the middle half, from a quarter to three quarters

Started May 2019 (actual). Primary completion is estimated for Sep 2021, 28 months after the start.

Of 148 non-industry interventional studies with no phase under Fractures, Bone, half reached primary completion within 29 months of starting (the median), counting those still running; a quarter within 12 and three quarters within 57. This study's planned 28 months is close to that.

Counting every sponsor, half of 166 studies reached it within 29 months; a quarter within 12 and three quarters within 57.

How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.

Registered
Mar 27, 2019
First posted
Apr 4, 2019
StartActual
May 21, 2019
Primary completionEst.
Sep 2021
CompletionEst.
Sep 2021
Last update
Feb 11, 2021
What these dates mean
Start.
When the first participant enrolled; while estimated, when the study expects to open to recruitment.
Primary completion.
When the last participant was examined or treated to collect data for the study's main question, its primary outcome. A study that stopped early gives the date its data collection stopped.
Completion.
When the last participant's last visit took place, for every outcome, secondary ones and side effects included: the end of the study. Often later than primary completion, sometimes the same day.
Actual and Est.
Actual means the registry says the date has happened. Est. (estimated) is a date the sponsor plans or expects. It can still move, and the sponsor is expected to change it to actual once it has passed.
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Feb 11, 2021, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
10

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT03903510
Lead sponsor
Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare
Responsible party
Andrew G. Geoergiadis (Pediatric Orthopedic Surgeon, Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare) — Principal investigator
First posted
Apr 4, 2019
Start date
May 21, 2019
Primary completion
Sep 2021 (estimated)
Completion
Sep 2021 (estimated)
Last update
Feb 11, 2021

Study contacts

Andrew G Georgiadis, MD
Contact
andrewgeorgiadis@gillettechildrens.com
651-602-3262
Christine K Santa Ana, BS
Contact
ChristineKSantaAna@gillettechildrens.com
651-229-1763
Andrew G Georgiadis, MD
principal investigator · Pediatric Orthopedic Surgeon

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
Yes
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

Interested in this study?

Eligibility is decided by the study team. Share this record with your doctor or contact the team directly.

Contact study team

Follow this study

Get an email when the registry record changes — status, dates, results — or when someone posts here.

Sign in to follow

Discussion

Questions and observations about this study, from anyone following it. Not medical advice, and not a channel to the study team — their contact details are on the registry record.

Sign in to join the discussion. Reading takes no account; posting does. You choose a display name, and a pseudonym is the default.

Nothing here yet. If you are running this trial, taking part in it, or weighing whether to, this is the place to say so.

Start the discussion