An interventional study of Milk supplementation and Food Based Recommendation (FBR) nutrition education in Nutritional Stunting, Nutritional Anemia and Nutritional Deficiency, sponsored by SEAMEO Regional Centre for Food and Nutrition. Completed at 1 site in Indonesia. Open to participants aged 8 Years to 10 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2019-12-03.
Sponsored by SEAMEO Regional Centre for Food and Nutrition · Not applicable, Interventional, and Treatment
Protein is one type of nutrients known as the cause of stunting in developing countries since the mid-1970s (1) but then less attention on protein intake with the assumption that protein intake is sufficient. Compilation of published and non-published dietary intake research among Indonesian children aged 3-12 years (2), 0-18 years old (3) and 1-3 years old (3) found that protein intake among Indonesian children was sufficient (4). This finding is also confirmed by some other studies in 6 low-income countries and lead to the conclusion that growth restriction is not due to protein deficiency (5). Since then, micronutrient received main attention for the past 4 decades (1) to improve the health and survival of young children in developing countries. Issues on the need to re-examined protein recently emerge after the paper of Semba (1,6) regarding the low circulating amino acid among stunted children. It was hypothesized that the correlation between the low level of circulating amino acid with linear growth was through the mechanism of rapamycin complex C1 (mTORC1) and general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) pathway that contributes in the synthesis of sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids (6). However, the mechanism on how amino acid link to linear growth remains unclear.
Fortification among Asian children revealed that only milk as food vehicles reported a significant effect on linear growth (2). It is likely that the effect on linear growth is influenced not only on micronutrient content of the fortified foods but also on protein and amino acid profiles of milk as the food vehicle.
Background:
The understanding of stunting has shifted from attention to protein and micronutrients in 60-80s to amino acids and calcium in the past two decades. Amino acids are suspected to be nutrients that determine to stunting because recent studies have shown that growth can be carried out by the information pathway through the mTOR pathway (the mechanistic target of rapamycin). mTOR is a serine/threonine protein kinase from the PI3K family related kinases which are the main subunits of 2 complex proteins, namely mTORC1 and mTORC2. The mTORC1 protein includes 5 main parts for cell growth, nutrition, growth factors, oxygen, energy, and stress. The mTORC2 protein is used in the cytoskeletal organization and cell survival. The activated mTORC1 protein initiates anabolic processes such as synthetic proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and inhibits catabolic processes such as autophagy. mTORC1 consists of three core proteins: mTOR, Raptor (regulatory protein associated with mTOR) and mLST8 (deadly mammals with Sec13 protein 8).
Activation of the mTORC1 pathway as a controller of growth and metabolism is in accordance with the adequacy of intracellular essential amino acids. Deficiency of leucine, isoleucine, and valine determines mTOR downregulation. Inadequate intake of essential amino acids will repress protein and lipid synthesis as well as cell growth that will affect bone and chondral palate growth, skeletal muscle growth, nervous system myelinization, immune function and the size of the organ formed (Saxton \& Sabatini, 2017). Research by Semba, et.al (2016) shows that in stunting children's serum, the levels of the nine essential amino acids are very low. Given that the body does not form essential amino acids directly, the intake of amino acids from food becomes very important (Nuss \& Tanumihardjo, 2011). Essential amino acids are mostly contained in animal protein, but consumption in developing countries is still limited. Consumption of animal food sources is associated with a lower risk of stunting.
Study of the mTORC1 pathway that has been done in vitro studies and experimental animals. In humans, the evidence of amino acid signaling through the mTORC1 pathway by using metabolomic aspects and proteomic and transcriptomic characteristics is still unknown. Analysis of genes related to MTORC1 pathway may answer this question
The scope of services:
The objective of research:
1,277 studies on the registry are indexed under Malnutrition; 230 are open to participants now.
This study's enrollment of 150 is above the median of 118 across 843 interventional studies indexed under Malnutrition.
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Exclusion Criteria:
Underlined terms in the criteria open these too. Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.
You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.
Informed consent
Before you join, the study team explains what taking part involves — its purpose, what happens, the risks and possible benefits — and answers your questions, so you can decide freely. Consent is usually recorded on a form (the informed consent form, ICF) signed by you or, where the law allows, by someone legally authorised to decide for you.
You can keep asking questions during the study, you are told of new information that matters, and you can choose to leave at any time.
Explained by clinicaltrials.gg, not part of the registry record. The study team decides who can take part.
Children will receive 130 ml fresh milk, 6 days/week for 20 weeks (January-June 2019). Milk will be provided and delivered by appointed supplier directly to school. Milk will be distributed with name of the student on the bottle - during break time. Subjects must be consumed with supervision of the teacher at school during the break. If they can not finish the milk at once, they can store it in the provided cool box. Student then can consume it again before they go home. Teacher have to record the remaining milk in each bottle that corresponds to every child name and record it in the provided form. Prior to holiday, student will be given the milk according to school leave days. Enumerators should collect the form every 3 days and make a recap in the provided form.
Dietary Supplement: Milk supplementation
FBR group will received nutrition education delivered by trained teacher under the supervision of researcher/research assistant once a week. Those who received nutrition education is not only the recruited subjects but also includes their classmates.
Other: Food Based Recommendation (FBR) nutrition education
Control group will receive standard nutrition education
Fresh milk from local farmer. No artificial sweetener and preservatives. Brandless.
Food Based Recommendation is result of OPTIFOOD WHO that analysed local food to optimize nutritional status according to problem nutrient.
Increasing of children height who receive intervention from baseline
Height of the subject will be measured using Shorrboard. Height measurement will be taken twice, the difference between 1st and 2nd measurements should be not more than 0.7 cm. The data analyzed using WHO AnthroPlus to obtain height for age z-score (HAZ) of the subject.
Time frame: 3 days in end-line of study
nutrient intakes
Dietary of energy intake, macronutrients, calcium and other micronutrients related to growth will be assessed using 24-hour recall with multiple-pass interviewing technique. The analysis will be performed using Nutrisurvey 2017 with Indonesian food composition table.
Time frame: 3 days in baseline and end-line
VDR Gene Polymorphism of SNP rs4516035 and rs11568820
The SNP Genotyping assay analyzed using Real Time PCR and StepOne V2.3 Software. A total of 40 cycles will performed. The cycling steps of the analysis are Hold (95oC, 20s), Denaturation (95oC, 3s), Annealing Extension (60oC, 20s). The total running time was about one and a half hours for 40 cycles.
Time frame: in middle of study (2 months after baseline)
gene expression of mTORC1 pathway
The expression of 5' TOP genes as biomarker of downstream mTORC1 pathway will be analyzed using RT-qPCR and StepOne V2.3 Software. mRNA quantified by SYBR Green reaction. A total of 40 cycles will performed. The cycling steps of the analysis are UDG activation (50oC, 2min), Dual-Lock DNA polymerase (95oC, 2min), Denaturation (95oC, 3s), Annealing Extension (60oC, 30s). The total running time was about half an hour for 40 cycles.
Time frame: 3 days in end-line of study
Ran from Jan 2018 to primary completion in Jun 2019, 16 months.
Of 392 non-industry interventional studies with no phase under Malnutrition, half reached primary completion within 21 months of starting (the median), counting those still running; a quarter within 10 and three quarters within 37. This study's 16 months is below that.
Counting every sponsor, half of 418 studies reached it within 22 months; a quarter within 11 and three quarters within 37.
How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.
This study is completed, as verified in Dec 2019. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.
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SEAMEO Regional Centre for Food and Nutrition