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RecruitingNCT03883412ZQL007Updated Aug 12, 2026

Effect of Exercise and/or Liraglutide on Vascular Dysfunction and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes ( ZQL007)

A Phase 4 interventional study of Exercise and Liraglutide in Type2 Diabetes, sponsored by University of Virginia. Recruiting at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 21 Years to 60 Years, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2026-08-12.

Sponsored by University of Virginia · Phase 4, Interventional, and Treatment

From the registry’s dates

  • Started Feb 2019; still recruiting 7 years 7 months later.
Phase
Phase 4
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
60
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
21 Years to 60 Years
Sex
All
01

Study summary

The primary objective of this study is to examine whether exercise training alone, liraglutide treatment alone or exercise training plus liraglutide treatment increases cardiac and muscle capillary blood volume, improves vascular function in the larger conduit vessels, and enhances insulin's metabolic action in humans with Type 2 diabetes. Subjects will be randomized to one of the three groups: exercise training, liraglutide treatment, and exercise + liraglutide. They will be studied at the baseline and then after 16 weeks of intervention.

Read the detailed description

Our hypothesis is that sustained activation of the GLP-1 receptor with Liraglutide or exercise training will enhance microvascular perfusion, promote angiogenesis, and improve microvascular response to insulin in muscle, leading to increased muscle delivery of oxygen and nutrients and increased exercise tolerance in subjects with type 2 diabetes.

02

Conditions studied

  • Type2 Diabetes
03

In context

Lead sponsor

University of Virginia is the lead sponsor of 653 studies on the registry; 134 are open to participants now.

Of its 60 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 41 (68%) have results posted.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
21 Years to 60 Years
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
Yes

Inclusion criteria

  • Age 21-60
  • A1C ≤ 8.5%
  • Never on GLP-1RA (eg: exenatide, liraglutide) or DPP4I ( eg: Sitaglipton)
  • On stable dose of oral hypoglycemic agents >4 months
  • On stable dose of other medications for >4 months

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Taking Insulin
  • Smoking presently or in the past 6 months
  • BP >160/90
  • BMI >35
  • Family history of medullary thyroid cancer or multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome
  • History of congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, severe pulmonary disease, liver or kidney disease.
  • Any vascular disease such as myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral vascular disease
  • Presence of an intracardiac or intrapulmonary shunt (we will screen for this by auscultation during the physical exam by PI).
  • Pregnant or breastfeeding.
  • Known hypersensitivity to perflutren (contained in Definity)
05

Study design

Phase
Phase 4
Primary purpose
Treatment
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Factorial assignment
Masking
None (open label)
Enrollment
60 participants (estimated)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    Exercise Alone

    16 weeks of treatment

    Other: Exercise

  • Experimental
    Liraglutide alone

    16 weeks of treatment

    Drug: Liraglutide

  • Experimental
    Exercise + Liraglutide

    16 weeks of treatment

    Other: Exercise · Drug: Liraglutide

Interventions

  • OtherExercise

    16 weeks of treatment

  • DrugLiraglutide

    16 weeks of Liraglutide

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Microvascular Blood Volume - change from baseline

    measured at baseline and 16 weeks

    Time frame: 16 weeks

Secondary outcomes

  1. Augmentation Index - change from baseline

    measured at baseline and 16 weeks

    Time frame: 16 weeks

  2. Flow Mediated Dilation - change from baseline

    measured at baseline and 16 weeks

    Time frame: 16 weeks

  3. Pulse Wave Velocity - change from baseline

    measured at baseline and 16 weeks

    Time frame: 16 weeks

  4. Post Ischemic Flow Velocity-Change from baseline

    measured at baseline and 16 weeks

    Time frame: 16 weeks

  5. Insulin Sensitivity-Change from baseline

    measured at baseline and 16 weeks

    Time frame: 16 weeks

07

Study locations

1 of 1 sites recruiting
  • University of Virginia
    Charlottesville, Virginia 22906, United States
    Recruiting
08

References and documents

Publications

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  • Honig CR, Odoroff CL, Frierson JL. Active and passive capillary control in red muscle at rest and in exercise. Am J Physiol. 1982 Aug;243(2):H196-206. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1982.243.2.H196. PubMed 7114231 ↗
  • Barrett EJ, Eggleston EM, Inyard AC, Wang H, Li G, Chai W, Liu Z. The vascular actions of insulin control its delivery to muscle and regulate the rate-limiting step in skeletal muscle insulin action. Diabetologia. 2009 May;52(5):752-64. doi: 10.1007/s00125-009-1313-z. Epub 2009 Mar 13. PubMed 19283361 ↗
  • Vincent MA, Clerk LH, Lindner JR, Klibanov AL, Clark MG, Rattigan S, Barrett EJ. Microvascular recruitment is an early insulin effect that regulates skeletal muscle glucose uptake in vivo. Diabetes. 2004 Jun;53(6):1418-23. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.53.6.1418. PubMed 15161743 ↗
  • Eggleston EM, Jahn LA, Barrett EJ. Hyperinsulinemia rapidly increases human muscle microvascular perfusion but fails to increase muscle insulin clearance: evidence that a saturable process mediates muscle insulin uptake. Diabetes. 2007 Dec;56(12):2958-63. doi: 10.2337/db07-0670. Epub 2007 Aug 24. PubMed 17720897 ↗
  • Chai W, Wang W, Liu J, Barrett EJ, Carey RM, Cao W, Liu Z. Angiotensin II type 1 and type 2 receptors regulate basal skeletal muscle microvascular volume and glucose use. Hypertension. 2010 Feb;55(2):523-30. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.145409. Epub 2009 Dec 7. PubMed 19996061 ↗
  • Liu Z, Liu J, Jahn LA, Fowler DE, Barrett EJ. Infusing lipid raises plasma free fatty acids and induces insulin resistance in muscle microvasculature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Sep;94(9):3543-9. doi: 10.1210/jc.2009-0027. Epub 2009 Jun 30. PubMed 19567533 ↗
  • Liu J, Jahn LA, Fowler DE, Barrett EJ, Cao W, Liu Z. Free fatty acids induce insulin resistance in both cardiac and skeletal muscle microvasculature in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Feb;96(2):438-46. doi: 10.1210/jc.2010-1174. Epub 2010 Nov 3. PubMed 21047922 ↗
  • Vincent MA, Barrett EJ, Lindner JR, Clark MG, Rattigan S. Inhibiting NOS blocks microvascular recruitment and blunts muscle glucose uptake in response to insulin. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Jul;285(1):E123-9. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00021.2003. PubMed 12791603 ↗
  • Jiang ZY, Lin YW, Clemont A, Feener EP, Hein KD, Igarashi M, Yamauchi T, White MF, King GL. Characterization of selective resistance to insulin signaling in the vasculature of obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats. J Clin Invest. 1999 Aug;104(4):447-57. doi: 10.1172/JCI5971. PubMed 10449437 ↗
  • Kim JA, Koh KK, Quon MJ. The union of vascular and metabolic actions of insulin in sickness and in health. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 May;25(5):889-91. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000164044.42910.6b. No abstract available. PubMed 15863720 ↗
  • Kim JA, Montagnani M, Koh KK, Quon MJ. Reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms. Circulation. 2006 Apr 18;113(15):1888-904. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.563213. PubMed 16618833 ↗
  • Rattigan S, Clark MG, Barrett EJ. Acute vasoconstriction-induced insulin resistance in rat muscle in vivo. Diabetes. 1999 Mar;48(3):564-9. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.48.3.564. PubMed 10078557 ↗
  • Youd JM, Rattigan S, Clark MG. Acute impairment of insulin-mediated capillary recruitment and glucose uptake in rat skeletal muscle in vivo by TNF-alpha. Diabetes. 2000 Nov;49(11):1904-9. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.49.11.1904. PubMed 11078458 ↗
  • Clerk LH, Rattigan S, Clark MG. Lipid infusion impairs physiologic insulin-mediated capillary recruitment and muscle glucose uptake in vivo. Diabetes. 2002 Apr;51(4):1138-45. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.51.4.1138. PubMed 11916937 ↗
  • Wallis MG, Wheatley CM, Rattigan S, Barrett EJ, Clark AD, Clark MG. Insulin-mediated hemodynamic changes are impaired in muscle of Zucker obese rats. Diabetes. 2002 Dec;51(12):3492-8. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.51.12.3492. PubMed 12453905 ↗
  • Clerk LH, Vincent MA, Jahn LA, Liu Z, Lindner JR, Barrett EJ. Obesity blunts insulin-mediated microvascular recruitment in human forearm muscle. Diabetes. 2006 May;55(5):1436-42. doi: 10.2337/db05-1373. PubMed 16644702 ↗
  • Chai W, Liu J, Jahn LA, Fowler DE, Barrett EJ, Liu Z. Salsalate attenuates free fatty acid-induced microvascular and metabolic insulin resistance in humans. Diabetes Care. 2011 Jul;34(7):1634-8. doi: 10.2337/dc10-2345. Epub 2011 May 26. PubMed 21617098 ↗
  • Potenza MA, Marasciulo FL, Chieppa DM, Brigiani GS, Formoso G, Quon MJ, Montagnani M. Insulin resistance in spontaneously hypertensive rats is associated with endothelial dysfunction characterized by imbalance between NO and ET-1 production. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005 Aug;289(2):H813-22. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00092.2005. Epub 2005 Mar 25. PubMed 15792994 ↗
  • Eringa EC, Stehouwer CD, Merlijn T, Westerhof N, Sipkema P. Physiological concentrations of insulin induce endothelin-mediated vasoconstriction during inhibition of NOS or PI3-kinase in skeletal muscle arterioles. Cardiovasc Res. 2002 Dec;56(3):464-71. doi: 10.1016/s0008-6363(02)00593-x. PubMed 12445887 ↗
  • Eringa EC, Stehouwer CD, van Nieuw Amerongen GP, Ouwehand L, Westerhof N, Sipkema P. Vasoconstrictor effects of insulin in skeletal muscle arterioles are mediated by ERK1/2 activation in endothelium. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004 Nov;287(5):H2043-8. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00067.2004. Epub 2004 Apr 1. PubMed 15059773 ↗
  • Lillioja S, Young AA, Culter CL, Ivy JL, Abbott WG, Zawadzki JK, Yki-Jarvinen H, Christin L, Secomb TW, Bogardus C. Skeletal muscle capillary density and fiber type are possible determinants of in vivo insulin resistance in man. J Clin Invest. 1987 Aug;80(2):415-24. doi: 10.1172/JCI113088. PubMed 3301899 ↗
  • Gavin TP, Stallings HW 3rd, Zwetsloot KA, Westerkamp LM, Ryan NA, Moore RA, Pofahl WE, Hickner RC. Lower capillary density but no difference in VEGF expression in obese vs. lean young skeletal muscle in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005 Jan;98(1):315-21. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00353.2004. Epub 2004 Aug 6. PubMed 15298982 ↗
  • Akerstrom T, Laub L, Vedel K, Brand CL, Pedersen BK, Lindqvist AK, Wojtaszewski JF, Hellsten Y. Increased skeletal muscle capillarization enhances insulin sensitivity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Dec 15;307(12):E1105-16. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00020.2014. Epub 2014 Oct 28. PubMed 25352432 ↗
  • Olsson AK, Dimberg A, Kreuger J, Claesson-Welsh L. VEGF receptor signalling - in control of vascular function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2006 May;7(5):359-71. doi: 10.1038/nrm1911. PubMed 16633338 ↗
  • Hazarika S, Dokun AO, Li Y, Popel AS, Kontos CD, Annex BH. Impaired angiogenesis after hindlimb ischemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: differential regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 and soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1. Circ Res. 2007 Oct 26;101(9):948-56. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.160630. Epub 2007 Sep 6. PubMed 17823371 ↗
  • Tang K, Breen EC, Gerber HP, Ferrara NM, Wagner PD. Capillary regression in vascular endothelial growth factor-deficient skeletal muscle. Physiol Genomics. 2004 Jun 17;18(1):63-9. doi: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00023.2004. Epub 2004 Jun 17. PubMed 15084712 ↗
  • Bonner JS, Lantier L, Hasenour CM, James FD, Bracy DP, Wasserman DH. Muscle-specific vascular endothelial growth factor deletion induces muscle capillary rarefaction creating muscle insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2013 Feb;62(2):572-80. doi: 10.2337/db12-0354. Epub 2012 Sep 21. PubMed 23002035 ↗
  • Robbins JL, Jones WS, Duscha BD, Allen JD, Kraus WE, Regensteiner JG, Hiatt WR, Annex BH. Relationship between leg muscle capillary density and peak hyperemic blood flow with endurance capacity in peripheral artery disease. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2011 Jul;111(1):81-6. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00141.2011. Epub 2011 Apr 21. PubMed 21512146 ↗
  • Lindner JR, Womack L, Barrett EJ, Weltman J, Price W, Harthun NL, Kaul S, Patrie JT. Limb stress-rest perfusion imaging with contrast ultrasound for the assessment of peripheral arterial disease severity. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008 May;1(3):343-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2008.04.001. PubMed 19356447 ↗
  • Hiatt WR, Wolfel EE, Meier RH, Regensteiner JG. Superiority of treadmill walking exercise versus strength training for patients with peripheral arterial disease. Implications for the mechanism of the training response. Circulation. 1994 Oct;90(4):1866-74. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.90.4.1866. PubMed 7923674 ↗
  • Brendle DC, Joseph LJ, Corretti MC, Gardner AW, Katzel LI. Effects of exercise rehabilitation on endothelial reactivity in older patients with peripheral arterial disease. Am J Cardiol. 2001 Feb 1;87(3):324-9. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(00)01367-9. PubMed 11165969 ↗
  • Schlager O, Giurgea A, Schuhfried O, Seidinger D, Hammer A, Groger M, Fialka-Moser V, Gschwandtner M, Koppensteiner R, Steiner S. Exercise training increases endothelial progenitor cells and decreases asymmetric dimethylarginine in peripheral arterial disease: a randomized controlled trial. Atherosclerosis. 2011 Jul;217(1):240-8. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.03.018. Epub 2011 Apr 8. PubMed 21481871 ↗
  • Januszek R, Mika P, Konik A, Petriczek T, Nowobilski R, Nizankowski R. Effect of treadmill training on endothelial function and walking abilities in patients with peripheral arterial disease. J Cardiol. 2014 Aug;64(2):145-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2013.12.002. Epub 2014 Jan 14. PubMed 24438856 ↗
  • Ernst EE, Matrai A. Intermittent claudication, exercise, and blood rheology. Circulation. 1987 Nov;76(5):1110-4. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.76.5.1110. PubMed 3499255 ↗
  • Vincent MA, Clerk LH, Lindner JR, Price WJ, Jahn LA, Leong-Poi H, Barrett EJ. Mixed meal and light exercise each recruit muscle capillaries in healthy humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jun;290(6):E1191-7. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00497.2005. PubMed 16682488 ↗
  • Hoier B, Hellsten Y. Exercise-induced capillary growth in human skeletal muscle and the dynamics of VEGF. Microcirculation. 2014 May;21(4):301-14. doi: 10.1111/micc.12117. PubMed 24450403 ↗
  • Inyard AC, Clerk LH, Vincent MA, Barrett EJ. Contraction stimulates nitric oxide independent microvascular recruitment and increases muscle insulin uptake. Diabetes. 2007 Sep;56(9):2194-200. doi: 10.2337/db07-0020. Epub 2007 Jun 11. PubMed 17563063 ↗
  • Wheatley CM, Rattigan S, Richards SM, Barrett EJ, Clark MG. Skeletal muscle contraction stimulates capillary recruitment and glucose uptake in insulin-resistant obese Zucker rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Oct;287(4):E804-9. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00077.2004. Epub 2004 Jun 22. PubMed 15213062 ↗
  • St-Pierre P, Keith LJ, Richards SM, Rattigan S, Keske MA. Microvascular blood flow responses to muscle contraction are not altered by high-fat feeding in rats. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012 Aug;14(8):753-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01598.x. Epub 2012 Apr 18. PubMed 22429614 ↗
  • Olfert IM, Howlett RA, Tang K, Dalton ND, Gu Y, Peterson KL, Wagner PD, Breen EC. Muscle-specific VEGF deficiency greatly reduces exercise endurance in mice. J Physiol. 2009 Apr 15;587(Pt 8):1755-67. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.164384. Epub 2009 Feb 23. PubMed 19237429 ↗
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  • Zhao T, Parikh P, Bhashyam S, Bolukoglu H, Poornima I, Shen YT, Shannon RP. Direct effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on myocardial contractility and glucose uptake in normal and postischemic isolated rat hearts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Jun;317(3):1106-13. doi: 10.1124/jpet.106.100982. Epub 2006 Feb 17. PubMed 16489128 ↗

Individual participant data

Plan to share: No

09

Updates

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Aug 12, 2026, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
10

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT03883412
Lead sponsor
University of Virginia
Collaborators
American Diabetes Association, National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Responsible party
Zhenqi Liu (Professor and Chief, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia) — Principal investigator
First posted
Mar 20, 2019
Start date
Feb 28, 2019
Primary completion
Jun 2027 (estimated)
Completion
Dec 2027 (estimated)
Last update
Aug 12, 2026

Study contacts

Lee Hartline, MEd
Contact
lmh9d@virginia.eud
434-924-5247
Linda Jahn, RN, MEd
Contact
las6e@virginia.edu
434-924-1134
Zhenqi Liu, MD
principal investigator · University of Virginia, Department of Endocrinoolgy

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
Yes
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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