Impacts of Aquatic vs Land Walking on Vascular Health and Exercise Tolerance in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease

Browse trials for

• Peripheral Arterial Disease 1,538
• Peripheral Vascular Diseases 1,021

Keywords

• arterial stiffness
• cardiorespiratory capacity
• exercise tolerance
• VO2max

Study arms

• No intervention
  Control Group

  No exercise intervention

• Experimental
  Aquatic walking exercise group 1

  The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks. The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking (forward, backward). The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.

  Other: Aquatic walking exercise program group 1

• Experimental
  Aquatic walking exercise group 2

  The aquatic walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks. The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of hip flexion-extension, hip abduction-adduction, and knee flexion-extension. The last 30 minutes included water walking (forward, backward). The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.

  Other: Aquatic walking exercise program group 2

• Active comparator
  Land-based walking exercise group

  The land-based walking exercise program was performed for 60 minutes per day, 4 times per week for 12 weeks. The program consisted of a warm-up (10 min) and cool-down (10 min) which included stretching and gait training. The 40-minute main exercise session included 10 minutes of low-intensity forward, backward, and lateral side-stepping movements on flat group. The remaining 30 minutes included treadmill walking exercise. The program intensity was established using heart rate reserve (HRR). Weeks 1-4 were at 50-60% HRR, weeks 5-8 were at 60-70% HRR, and weeks 9-12 were at 70-85% HRR. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor during the whole exercise training session in order to maintain the designated training intensity.

  Other: Land-based walking exercise group

Interventions

• OtherAquatic walking exercise program group 1

  12 week aquatic walking exercise program

• OtherAquatic walking exercise program group 2

  12 week aquatic walking exercise program

• OtherLand-based walking exercise group

  12 week land-based walking exercise program

Primary outcomes

1. Peripheral Arterial Stiffness

   Peripheral arterial stiffness was estimated as measurement of femoral-to-ankle pulse wave velocity (meters per second). A higher value represents a worse outcome. Scale range is approximately 7.0 - 14.0 meters per second for healthy populations.

   Time frame: 12 weeks

Secondary outcomes

1. Body Composition

   Body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis as percent body fat. A higher value represents a worse outcome. Scale range is approximately 10-35% for healthy populations.

   Time frame: 12 weeks

2. Resting Heart Rate

   Resting heart rate was measured as beats per minute (bpm). A higher value represents a worse outcome. Acceptable scale range is approximately 60-80 bpm for healthy populations.

   Time frame: 12 weeks

3. Systolic Blood Pressure

   Blood pressure was measured as millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Higher values represent a worse outcome. Scale range for systolic blood pressure is approximately 110-129mmHg for most healthy populations.

   Time frame: 12 weeks

4. Resting Metabolic Rate

   Resting metabolic rate was measured as kilocalories per day. A higher value represents a better outcome. Scale range is approximately 1200-2200 kilocalories per day for healthy populations.

   Time frame: 12 weeks

5. Cardiorespiratory Capacity

   Cardiorespiratory capacity was measured as the volume of maximal oxygen consumption in milliliters per kilogram per minute (VO2max, mL/kg/min). A higher value represents a better outcome. Scale range is approximately 25-60 mL/kg/min for healthy populations.

   Time frame: 12 weeks

6. Exercise Tolerance - Walking Capacity

   Walking capacity was measured using the 6-minute walk test in meters. A higher value represents a better outcome. Scale range is approximately 400-1000 meters for healthy populations.

   Time frame: 12 weeks

7. Upper Body Strength

   Upper body strength was measured as hand grip strength in kilograms (kg). A higher value represents a better outcome. Scale range is approximately 20-60kg for healthy populations.

   Time frame: 12 weeks

8. Lower Body Strength

   Lower body strength was measured with leg extension in kilograms (kg). A higher value represents a better outcome. Scale range is approximately 20-120 kg for healthy populations.

   Time frame: 12 weeks

9. Lower Body Flexibility

   Lower body flexibility was measured using sit-and-reach in centimeters (cm). A higher value represents a better outcome. Scale range is approximately 10-30 cm for healthy populations.

   Time frame: 12 weeks

10. Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 General Health Survey for Physical Function

    The physical function domain score of the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 General Health Survey was measured. The scale range is from 0 to 100 percent. Higher scores represent a better outcome.

    Time frame: 12 weeks

11. Diastolic Blood Pressure

    Blood pressure was measured as millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Higher values represent a worse outcome. Scale range for diastolic blood pressure is approximately 70-79 mmHg for most healthy populations.

    Time frame: 12 weeks

12. Systemic Arterial Stiffness

    Systemic arterial stiffness was estimated as measurement of brachial-to-ankle pulse wave velocity (meters per second). A higher value represents a worse outcome. Scale range is approximately 7.0 - 14.0 meters per second for healthy populations.

    Time frame: 12 weeks

13. Time to Onset of Claudication

    Time to onset of claudication was measured during the 6-minute walking distance test (seconds). A higher value represents a better outcome. Healthy populations can typically walk the entire 6 minutes (360 seconds) without experiencing claudication.

    Time frame: 12 weeks

Baseline characteristics

Study documents

• Protocol and statistical analysis plan · Feb 5, 2020

Documents are hosted by the registry — open the source record to download them.

Individual participant data

Plan to share: No