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CompletedNCT03718065Updated Feb 7, 2025Results posted

Impact of Lofexidine on Stress, Craving and Opioid Use

A Phase 2 interventional study of Lofexidine and Placebo in Opioid-use Disorder and Opiate Dependence, sponsored by Medical University of South Carolina. Completed at 1 site in United States. Open to participants aged 18 Years to 60 Years. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2025-02-07.

Sponsored by Medical University of South Carolina · Phase 2, Interventional, and Treatment

Phase
Phase 2
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
112
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
18 Years to 60 Years
Sex
All
01

Study summary

Individuals with opioid use disorder who are stabilized on buprenorphine or methadone will be randomly assigned to receive placebo or lofexidine for 5 weeks. At the end of five weeks, they will complete a human laboratory stress task and scripted opioid imagery task. Throughout the study a CREMA app (Cue Reactivity Ecological Momentary Assessment) will be used to monitor stress, craving and use in the natural environment.

Read the detailed description

Participants will complete a screening visit to determine study eligibility. During the first week, participants will be asked to abstain from opioid use other than buprenorphine. Participants will come to the clinic 2 times that week for urine drug testing. If all 2 tests are negative, participants will be randomly assigned to take either lofexidine or placebo (inactive medication) two to three times a day for 5 weeks. During this time, participants will upload videos of themselves taking their medication. They will come to the clinic 3 times a week for urine drug screens and to have their vital signs measured. They will also participate in "CREMA" sessions (Cue Reactivity Ecologic Momentary Assessment) 3 times a day. These sessions include looking at stressful and neutral pictures and rating stress and craving. At the end of five weeks, participants will return to the clinic and participate in a stress task and a scripted opioid imagery task the following day. For the next five days, participants will taper their medication dose. During this time they will continue to come to clinic to have their vital signs measured and complete a follow-up visit.

02

Conditions studied

  • Opioid-use Disorder
  • Opiate Dependence
03

In context

Opioid-Related Disorders

1,411 studies on the registry are indexed under Opioid-Related Disorders; 290 are open to participants now.

This study's enrollment of 112 is above the median of 63 across 1,123 interventional studies indexed under Opioid-Related Disorders.

Browse Opioid-Related Disorders studies →

Lead sponsor

Medical University of South Carolina is the lead sponsor of 852 studies on the registry; 165 are open to participants now.

Of its 128 completed or terminated interventional studies of FDA-regulated products, 101 (79%) have results posted.

Counted across the registry records on this site, refreshed daily.

04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years to 60 Years
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
No

Inclusion criteria

  1. Able to provide informed consent and function at an intellectual level sufficient to allow accurate completion of all assessment instruments.
  2. Meet DSM-5 criteria for opioid use disorder (within the past three months). While individuals may also meet criteria for mild use disorders of other substances, they must identify opioids as their primary substance of abuse and must not meet criteria for any other moderate or severe substance use disorder (except tobacco, caffeine, or marijuana) within the last 60 days.
  3. On a stable dose of daily buprenorphine or methadone for at least 2 weeks.
  4. Age 18-65.
  5. Women of childbearing potential must agree to use an effective means of birth control.
  6. Consent to remain abstinent from opioids during the 1-week baseline assessment period.
  7. Must consent to random assignment.

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria

  1. Women who are pregnant, nursing or of childbearing potential and not practicing an effective means of birth control.
  2. Evidence or history of major medical illnesses, including liver diseases, abnormal vaginal bleeding, suspected or known malignancy, thrombophlebitis, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolus, clotting or bleeding disorders, heart disease, insulin-dependent diabetes, history of stroke or other medical conditions that the investigator deems as contraindicated for the individual to be in the study.
  3. History of or current psychotic disorder or bipolar I affective disorder.
  4. Current suicidal or homicidal ideation/risk.
  5. Taking medications known to act on adrenergic systems (B-blockers; alpha agonists or antagonists)
  6. Hypotensive individuals with a sitting blood pressure of \< 90/50
  7. QTc interval of >440 in males and > 460 in females as the combination of lofexidine plus buprenorphine may increase the QTc interval.
  8. Known allergy to lofexidine
  9. Unable to comply with study procedures or pose threat to study staff.
05

Study design

Phase
Phase 2
Primary purpose
Treatment
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Parallel assignment
Masking
Quadruple (Participant, Care provider, Investigator, Outcomes assessor)
Enrollment
112 participants (actual)

Study arms

  • Experimental
    Lofexidine Men

    Men will receive lofexidine (Lucemyra) for 5 weeks. Titration schedule is as follows: 0.36 mg on the first two evenings, 0.36 mg in the morning and evening on days 3 and 4; 0.36 mg in the morning, afternoon, and at bedtime on days 5 and 6; 0.36 mg in the morning and afternoon and 0.72 mg at bedtime on days 7 and 8; 0.36 mg in the morning and 0.72 mg in the afternoon and at bedtime on days 9 and 10, and 0.72 mg in the morning, afternoon and at bedtime on Day 11 and throughout the rest of the study.

    Drug: Lofexidine

  • Experimental
    Lofexidine Women

    Women will receive lofexidine (Lucemyra) for 5 weeks. Titration schedule is as follows: 0.36 mg on the first two evenings, 0.36 mg in the morning and evening on days 3 and 4; 0.36 mg in the morning, afternoon, and at bedtime on days 5 and 6; 0.36 mg in the morning and afternoon and 0.72 mg at bedtime on days 7 and 8; 0.36 mg in the morning and 0.72 mg in the afternoon and at bedtime on days 9 and 10, and 0.72 mg in the morning, afternoon and at bedtime on Day 11 and throughout the rest of the study.

    Drug: Lofexidine

  • Placebo comparator
    Placebo Men

    Men will receive matching placebo for five weeks.

    Drug: Placebo

  • Placebo comparator
    Placebo Women

    Women will receive matching placebo for five weeks.

    Drug: Placebo

Interventions

  • DrugLofexidine

    Lofexidine, sold under the brand name Lucemyra among others, is a medication historically used to treat high blood pressure, but more commonly used to help with the physical symptoms of opioid withdrawal. It is taken by mouth. It is an α2A adrenergic receptor agonist.

    Also known as: Lucemyra

  • DrugPlacebo

    Placebo comparator.

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Drug Cue+ Stressor Induced Craving

    Participants will rate craving on a 0 to 7 Likert scale with 0 indicate "Strongly disagree" that they crave and 7 indicating "strongly agree" that they crave so that higher scores indicate more craving.

    Time frame: Pre- Cue and 0, 5, 30 and 60 minutes Post-Cue 5 weeks Post- Baseline; Pre-TSST and 0, 5, 30 and 60 minutes Post-TSST 5 weeks Post-Baseline

  2. Drug Cue+ Stressor Induced Stress Response

    Participants will rate stress on a 0 to 4 Likert scale with 0 indicate "not at all" and 4 indicating "extremely" so that higher scores indicate a more robust stress response.

    Time frame: Pre- Cue and 0, 5, 30 and 60 minutes Post-Cue 5 weeks Post- Baseline; Pre-TSST and 0, 5, 30 and 60 minutes Post-TSST 5 weeks Post-Baseline

07

Results

Posted Feb 7, 2025

Participant flow

Participant flow — Overall Study
MilestoneLofexidine MenLofexidine WomenPlacebo MenPlacebo Women
Started35242429
Completed30182325
Not completed5614

Outcome measures

PrimaryDrug Cue+ Stressor Induced Craving

Participants will rate craving on a 0 to 7 Likert scale with 0 indicate "Strongly disagree" that they crave and 7 indicating "strongly agree" that they crave so that higher scores indicate more craving.

Time frame:
Pre- Cue and 0, 5, 30 and 60 minutes Post-Cue 5 weeks Post- Baseline; Pre-TSST and 0, 5, 30 and 60 minutes Post-TSST 5 weeks Post-Baseline
Reported as:
Mean · units on a scale
Drug Cue+ Stressor Induced Craving
units on a scaleLofexidine MenLofexidine WomenPlacebo MenPlacebo Women
Pre-Cue1.52 ± 1.561 ± 01.72 ± 1.691.96 ± 1.61
Cue + 0 Minutes2.33 ± 2.063.58 ± 2.972.05 ± 2.103.56 ± 2.54
Cue + 5 Minutes2 ± 1.752.74 ± 3.021.86 ± 1.732.83 ± 2.35
Cue + 30 Minutes1.56 ± 1.481.68 ± 1.671.77 ± 1.572.09 ± 2.13
Cue + 60 Minutes1.48 ± 1.371.32 ± 0.951.86 ± 1.731.87 ± 2.07
Pre-TSST1.39 ± 0.691.11 ± 0.321.68 ± 1.582.19 ± 2.02
TSST + 0 Minutes1.64 ± 1.312.72 ± 2.162.27 ± 2.332.95 ± 2.78
TSST + 5 Minutes1.64 ± 1.451.89 ± 1.232 ± 1.82.52 ± 2.36
TSST + 30 Minutes1.36 ± 0.951.18 ± 0.391.82 ± 1.592.33 ± 2.27
TSST + 60 Minutes1.57 ± 1.831.24 ± 0.441.77 ± 1.692.24 ± 2.14
PrimaryDrug Cue+ Stressor Induced Stress Response

Participants will rate stress on a 0 to 4 Likert scale with 0 indicate "not at all" and 4 indicating "extremely" so that higher scores indicate a more robust stress response.

Time frame:
Pre- Cue and 0, 5, 30 and 60 minutes Post-Cue 5 weeks Post- Baseline; Pre-TSST and 0, 5, 30 and 60 minutes Post-TSST 5 weeks Post-Baseline
Reported as:
Mean · units on a scale
Drug Cue+ Stressor Induced Stress Response
units on a scaleLofexidine MenLofexidine WomenPlacebo MenPlacebo Women
Pre-Cue2.81 ± 2.632.74 ± 1.662.77 ± 2.222.65 ± 2.33
Cue + 0 Minutes3.70 ± 2.855.37 ± 2.813.23 ± 2.63.61 ± 2.31
Cue + 5 Minutes2.78 ± 2.534.16 ± 3.082.68 ± 2.063.09 ± 2
Cue + 30 Minutes2.56 ± 2.52.74 ± 2.052.59 ± 2.212.30 ± 1.74
Cue + 60 Minutes2.63 ± 2.642.38 ± 1.452.64 ± 2.342.61 ± 2.19
Pre-TSST2.57 ± 2.152.61 ± 1.753 ± 2.182.57 ± 1.89
TSST + 0 Minutes4.89 ± 3.415.78 ± 2.903.86 ± 2.554.95 ± 3.12
TSST + 5 Minutes3.54 ± 3.053.61 ± 1.972.82 ± 2.263.10 ± 1.87
TSST + 30 Minutes3.04 ± 3.012.47 ± 1.332.82 ± 2.022.76 ± 1.95
TSST + 60 Minutes2.89 ± 2.712.41 ± 1.462 ± 1.952.52 ± 1.47

Adverse events

Collected over Baseline to end of study taper- 6 weeks.. Non-serious events are listed at a 5% frequency threshold.

Adverse event summary by group
GroupDeathsSeriousOther
Lofexidine Men0/35 (0%)0/35 (0%)28/35 (80%)
Lofexidine Women0/24 (0%)0/24 (0%)17/24 (70.8%)
Placebo Men0/24 (0%)0/24 (0%)10/24 (41.7%)
Placebo Women0/29 (0%)0/29 (0%)13/29 (44.8%)
Most frequent other events
Showing 10 of 11
Most frequent other events
EventLofexidine MenLofexidine WomenPlacebo MenPlacebo Women
Dry MouthEndocrine disorders18/3512/244/245/29
Tiredness/DrowsinessNervous system disorders15/358/243/244/29
FatigueNervous system disorders5/356/240/241/29
HeadacheNervous system disorders6/355/243/246/29
DizzinessNervous system disorders7/352/242/241/29
NauseaNervous system disorders3/350/240/242/29
LightheadednessNervous system disorders3/352/240/241/29
SweatingNervous system disorders3/350/240/240/29
VomitingGastrointestinal disorders2/350/241/242/29
AnxietyNervous system disorders2/350/241/240/29

Baseline characteristics

The baseline population is all participants who were randomized and began taking medication. Due to participant attrition, the N's for outcome measures are slightly lower.

Age, Categorical
Age, Categorical(Participants)Lofexidine MenLofexidine WomenPlacebo MenPlacebo WomenTotal
<=18 years00000
Between 18 and 65 years35242429112
>=65 years00000
Age, Continuous
Age, Continuous(years)Lofexidine MenLofexidine WomenPlacebo MenPlacebo WomenTotal
Mean38 ± 9.1735.79 ± 7.3440.71 ± 9.7035.34 ± 7.5137.42 ± 8.65
Sex: Female, Male
Sex: Female, Male(Participants)Lofexidine MenLofexidine WomenPlacebo MenPlacebo WomenTotal
Female02402953
Male35024059
Race (NIH/OMB)
Race (NIH/OMB)(Participants)Lofexidine MenLofexidine WomenPlacebo MenPlacebo WomenTotal
American Indian or Alaska Native00000
Asian00000
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander00000
Black or African American11417
White34232028105
More than one race00000
Unknown or Not Reported00000
Region of Enrollment
Region of Enrollment(participants)Lofexidine MenLofexidine WomenPlacebo MenPlacebo WomenTotal
United States35242429112
08

Study locations

1 site
  • Medical University of South Carolina
    Charleston, South Carolina 29403, United States
09

References and documents

Publications

  • Guille C, King C, Ramakrishnan V, Baker N, Cortese B, Nunn L, Rogers T, McRae-Clark A, Brady K. The impact of lofexidine on stress-related opioid craving and relapse: Design and methodology of a randomized clinical trial. Contemp Clin Trials. 2021 Dec;111:106616. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2021.106616. Epub 2021 Nov 2. PubMed 34737091 ↗

Study documents

  • Protocol, analysis plan and consent form · Jul 25, 2023

Documents are hosted by the registry — open the source record to download them.

Individual participant data

Plan to share: No

10

Updates

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Feb 7, 2025, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
11

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT03718065
Lead sponsor
Medical University of South Carolina
Collaborators
National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
Responsible party
Sponsor
First posted
Oct 24, 2018
Start date
Jun 26, 2019
Primary completion
Jan 30, 2024
Completion
Jan 30, 2024
Results posted
Feb 7, 2025
Last update
Feb 7, 2025

Oversight

FDA-regulated drug
Yes
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

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