ClinicalTrials.gg
CompletedNCT03384550Updated Mar 27, 2018

Can a Smartphone App That Includes a Chatbot-based Coaching and Incentives Increase Physical Activity in Healthy Adults?

An interventional study of Self-regulation coaching and Planning in Physical Activity, sponsored by University of St.Gallen. Completed at 1 site in Switzerland. Open to participants aged 18 Years and older, including healthy volunteers. Per ClinicalTrials.gov, last updated 2018-03-27.

Sponsored by University of St.Gallen · Not applicable, Interventional, and Prevention

Phase
Not applicable
Study type
Interventional
Enrollment
274
Allocation
Randomized
Ages
18 Years and older
Sex
All
01

Where this study stands

Counted across the records on this site · 2026-11-12

Among 143 studies in Motor Activity with a site in Switzerland — 24 open to participants now, 25 under way, none of them phase 3. Motor Activity · Switzerland.

Enrollment
11th of 110
274 · median 60
Started
2017
with 6 others
No phase
102 of 143
17 open now
Registered
54th of 143
by date

Among the 143 studies in Motor Activity with a site in Switzerland, this one is the 11th largest by enrollment of the 110 interventional ones that give a count, is one of 7 that started in 2017, is one of 102 with no phase, and was the 54th registered.

Motor Activity

9,798 studies on the registry are indexed under Motor Activity; 1,910 are open to participants now.

Browse Motor Activity studies →

Open to participants now

24 of the 143 studies in Motor Activity with a site in Switzerland are open now. Recruiting first, the newest first:

19 more — sign in →

All 24 open studies →

A study can be open while its sites in Switzerland have not opened yet or have stopped. Only those recruiting at a site in Switzerland →

Who these studies take

Of the 1,201 Motor Activity studies recruiting now, 517 (43%) set no upper age limit and 535 (45%) stop at 75 or younger; 180 take children under 18; 420 take healthy volunteers.

This study: 18 Years and older · all sexes · healthy volunteers too.

The full table on the hub →

This tab as a report to print or save as PDF → With an account.

Was this useful?
Watch this landscapeDownload CSVNarrow it in search →With an account: a weekly mail of what changed among 143 studies in Motor Activity with a site in Switzerland, or all of them as a file.
02

Study summary

The investigators conduct a micro-randomized trial to test main effects and moderators of three different intervention components of Ally, a mHealth intervention to promote physical activity that is offered to customers of a large Swiss health insurance. Interventions include the use of different incentive strategies, a weekly planning intervention and daily message prompts to support self-regulation. The Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) as well as principles from behavioral economics were used to guide the development of interventions. Further, sensor data is collected in order to enable prediction of latent contextual variables. These data can be used to build prediction models for the user's state of receptivity, i.e. points in time where the user is able and/or willing to receive, process and utilize the support provided. The results of this study enable the evidence-based development of a just-in-time adaptive intervention for physical activity.

Read the detailed description

Just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs) have recently been proposed as framework for health interventions that exploit the potential of mobile health information and sensing technologies. By obtaining contextual information for example from smartphone sensors (e.g. location, time of day), a JITAI adapts the provision of interventions over time with the goal to deliver support when the person needs it most (state of vulnerability) and is most likely to be receptive (state of receptivity).

To facilitate the development of a JITAI for physical activity, the present study has the following objectives:

  1. To quantify main effects and interactions of three intervention components of Ally, a mHealth intervention for physical activity.
  2. To identify moderators for these intervention components to formulate evidence-based decision rules.
  3. To train machine learning models that predict the user's state of receptivity

A micro-randomized trial design is used to meet the objectives of the study. Customers of a large Swiss health insurance company will use Ally over a 10-day baseline and a 6-week study period. During the baseline period, participants only have access to the dashboard of the app and no interventions are administered. During the intervention period, Ally provides daily personalized step goals and different interventions via an interactive chatbot interface based on the MobileCoach system (www.mobile-coach.eu). We investigate the following intervention components as between-subject or within-subject experimental factors during the intervention period: daily self-regulation coaching (two levels, within-subjects), a weekly planning intervention (3 levels, within-subjects) and different incentive strategies (3 levels, between-subjects).

Primary outcome will be the difference in achievement of the daily personalized step goal between intervention and control conditions for all intervention components. We expect all intervention components to increase the probability of goal achievement. Sensitivity analyses will be conducted for per protocol analysis and adjustment for covariates. Moderators of intervention components will be investigated exploratively.

To reach objective 3, we will collect a wide range of smartphone sensor data as well as usage logs of the Ally app throughout the study.

03

Conditions studied

  • Physical Activity

Browse trials for

04

Who can participate

Ages eligible
18 Years and older
Sexes eligible
All
Accepts healthy volunteers
Yes

Go through the criteria one by one — yes, no or not sure — and take the list to your doctor or the study team. Kept in this browser only.

Inclusion criteria

  • Possession of iPhone (5s or newer) or Android smartphone (Android 4.0 or higher)

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

  • not enrolled in a complementary health insurance plan
  • actively using an activity tracker or comparable smartphone app
  • working night shifts
  • presence of medical condition(s) that prohibit increased levels of physical activity
05

Study design

Phase
Not applicable
Primary purpose
Prevention
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention model
Factorial assignment
Masking
Single (Outcomes assessor)
Enrollment
274 participants (actual)

Study arms

  • Active comparator
    Control

    Participants in this arm receive no incentives. As all participants, participants in this arm receive self-regulation coaching on 50% of the days during the intervention period. For each participant, days during the intervention period are randomly allocated to a coaching or a no coaching condition using an allocation ratio of 1:1. As all participants, participants in this arm also receive either an action planning, a coping planning or no planning condition each Sunday during the intervention period. Participants are randomized to one out of nine sequences of planning interventions according to a uniform and strongly balanced intervention schedule

    Behavioral: Self-regulation coaching · Behavioral: Planning

  • Experimental
    Financial Incentives

    Participants in this arm receive financial incentives. As all participants, participants in this arm receive self-regulation coaching on 50% of the days during the intervention period. For each participant, days during the intervention period are randomly allocated to a coaching or a no coaching condition using an allocation ratio of 1:1. As all participants, participants in this arm also receive either an action planning, a coping planning or no planning condition each Sunday during the intervention period. Participants are randomized to one out of nine sequences of planning interventions according to a uniform and strongly balanced intervention schedule

    Behavioral: Self-regulation coaching · Behavioral: Planning · Behavioral: Financial Incentives

  • Experimental
    Charity Incentives

    Participants in this receive charity incentives. As all participants, participants in this arm receive self-regulation coaching on 50% of the days during the intervention period. For each participant, days during the intervention period are randomly allocated to a coaching or a no coaching condition using an allocation ratio of 1:1. As all participants, participants in this arm also receive either an action planning, a coping planning or no planning condition each Sunday during the intervention period. Participants are randomized to one out of nine sequences of planning interventions according to a uniform and strongly balanced intervention schedule

    Behavioral: Self-regulation coaching · Behavioral: Planning · Behavioral: Charity Incentives

Interventions

  • BehavioralSelf-regulation coaching

    Short (2-5 min.) dialogue with the digital coach who provides information relevant for behavioral self-regulation, such as a goal reminder, the distance between the current step count and the goal and strategies to increase daily steps. Participants are randomized to self-regulation coaching or control (no coaching) on a daily basis.

  • BehavioralPlanning

    A dialogue with the digital coach who prompts the participant to either formulate action plans (when and where the participant can go for a walk) or coping plans (strategies to respond to barriers for increasing daily steps) for the upcoming week. Participants are randomized on a weekly basis to action planning, coping planning or control (no planning).

  • BehavioralFinancial Incentives

    Participants receive CHF 1 ($1) for each day they meet a personalized adaptive step goal.

  • BehavioralCharity Incentives

    Participants donate CHF 1 ($1) to a charity of choice for each day they meet a personalized adaptive step goal.

06

What researchers measure

Primary outcomes

  1. Daily goal achievement

    Goal achievement will be assessed daily by comparing participants daily step count to the respective individualized step goal

    Time frame: seven weeks

Secondary outcomes

  1. Steps per day

    Steps will be measured daily via the GoogleFit or Apple Health application using the smartphone's built-in accelerometer

    Time frame: seven weeks

  2. Behavioral regulation in physical activity

    Behavioral regulation in physical activity will be measured using the second version of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-2). The BREQ-2 consists of five subscales which represent different forms of regulation along the extrinisc-intrinsic continuum of motivation. Because the external regulation subscale in the BREQ-2 exclusively relates to external regulation by other people, it is substituted by the corresponding sub-scale of the Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS). Scores will be reported for each subscale separately. Answers are given on a five-point likert scale with the endpoints 0-not true for me and 4-very true for me. Scores range from 0 to 16 for the subscales amotivation, external regulation, identified regulation and intrinsic regulation and from 0-12 for the subscale introjected regulation with higher scores representing a stronger manifestation of the respective form of regulation.

    Time frame: seven weeks

  3. Engagement

    App engagement is measured using the number and length of app launch sessions per day. An app launch session is defined as any interaction of the user with the Ally app, separated by five minutes between events. If a user left the app open and did not take action for 5 minutes or more, then the next interaction with the app counts as a new session.

    Time frame: seven weeks

  4. Non-usage attrition

    Non-usage attrition is measured using the proportion of users that have stopped using the app for at least 7 days (i.e. there are \>7 days between their last session and the end of the study,

    Time frame: seven weeks

07

Study locations

1 site
  • Center for Digital Health Interventions
    Saint Gallen, 9000, Switzerland
08

References and documents

Publications

  • Kramer JN, Kunzler F, Mishra V, Smith SN, Kotz D, Scholz U, Fleisch E, Kowatsch T. Which Components of a Smartphone Walking App Help Users to Reach Personalized Step Goals? Results From an Optimization Trial. Ann Behav Med. 2020 Jun 12;54(7):518-528. doi: 10.1093/abm/kaaa002. PubMed 32182353 ↗
  • Kramer JN, Kunzler F, Mishra V, Presset B, Kotz D, Smith S, Scholz U, Kowatsch T. Investigating Intervention Components and Exploring States of Receptivity for a Smartphone App to Promote Physical Activity: Protocol of a Microrandomized Trial. JMIR Res Protoc. 2019 Jan 31;8(1):e11540. doi: 10.2196/11540. PubMed 30702430 ↗

Individual participant data

Plan to share: Yes — All collected data will be irreversibly anonymized and made available in a public non-profit data repository. Data that can potentially identify participants will be deleted (e.g. e-mail addresses) or altered in a way that prevents identification (e.g. global positioning system (GPS) data will be converted to abstract features, such as "at home/not at home"). Consent to publish anonymized data is obtained from all participants.

Time frame: After completion of all analyses and publication of the main results of the study

09

Timeline

Tracking since Sep 25, 2026
ElapsedEstimatedEstimated, not yet reachedSimilar studies: half by the dot; the band is the middle halfHalf of similar studies reached it by the dot; the band is the middle half, from a quarter to three quarters

Ran from Oct 2017 to primary completion in Dec 2017, 1 month.

Of 5,147 non-industry interventional studies with no phase under Motor Activity, half reached primary completion within 17 months of starting (the median), counting those still running; a quarter within 7 and three quarters within 36. This study's 1 month is below that.

Counting every sponsor, half of 5,207 studies reached it within 17 months; a quarter within 7 and three quarters within 36.

How these figures are worked out, and which studies are left out of them.

Registered
Dec 14, 2017
First posted
Dec 27, 2017
StartActual
Oct 24, 2017
Primary completionActual
Dec 17, 2017
CompletionActual
Jan 31, 2018
Last update
Mar 27, 2018
What these dates mean
Start.
When the first participant enrolled; while estimated, when the study expects to open to recruitment.
Primary completion.
When the last participant was examined or treated to collect data for the study's main question, its primary outcome. A study that stopped early gives the date its data collection stopped.
Completion.
When the last participant's last visit took place, for every outcome, secondary ones and side effects included: the end of the study. Often later than primary completion, sometimes the same day.
Actual and Est.
Actual means the registry says the date has happened. Est. (estimated) is a date the sponsor plans or expects. It can still move, and the sponsor is expected to change it to actual once it has passed.
No changes since tracking began. The registry record was last updated on Mar 27, 2018, before this site started recording changes on Sep 25, 2026. Its history is on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
10

Registry details

Key details

Study ID
NCT03384550
Lead sponsor
University of St.Gallen
Collaborators
CSS health insurance
Responsible party
Sponsor
First posted
Dec 27, 2017
Start date
Oct 24, 2017
Primary completion
Dec 17, 2017
Completion
Jan 31, 2018
Last update
Mar 27, 2018

Study contacts

Tobias Kowatsch, PhD
principal investigator · University of St.Gallen

Oversight

Data monitoring committee
No
FDA-regulated drug
No
FDA-regulated device
No
View the source record on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗

Not currently enrolling

This study is completed, as verified in Dec 2017. You cannot join it, but the record below documents what was studied.

Follow this study

Get an email when the registry record changes — status, dates, results — or when someone posts here.

Sign in to follow

Discussion

Questions and observations about this study, from anyone following it. Not medical advice, and not a channel to the study team — their contact details are on the registry record.

Sign in to join the discussion. Reading takes no account; posting does. You choose a display name, and a pseudonym is the default.

Nothing here yet. If you are running this trial, taking part in it, or weighing whether to, this is the place to say so.

Start the discussion